New Agriculture High Middle Ages – population increased New Technology Carruca – iron plow Horse collar Horseshoes Three-field system High Middle Ages – population increased Peace (no invasions) Cut down trees and drained swamps Food production increased

Manorial System or Feudalism Manor – estate controlled by lord Peasants – worked on land Serfs – peasants bound to the land (they were not slaves!) Life of peasants was very simple Required to pay a tithe to local village church Bread and water main diet Wine beverage of upper class Ale consumed by many Religious feasts would be the only time the peasantry would eat meat and other foods

Revival of Trade Cities and towns revival Flanders and Champagne Trade fairs were held in which people would exchange goods and ideas Money economy – based on money Commercial capitalism – invest in trade in order to make a profit Banca – “bench” 1st bankers

Growth of Cities Revival of trade revived cities Merchants flocked to these cities and built walls to protect them Bourgeoisie – middle class in cities emerged burg – “walled enclosure” Given the right to govern themselves (kings and lords saw great wealth in these cities) Elections were held but were rigged so that only patricians were elected. Growth of Cities

European Cities in the Middle Ages Because walls were built, land became expensive Streets very narrow Fires were a problem Pollution (water, air, waste) Public baths (Paris had 32)

Industry and Guilds Craftspeople organized themselves in guilds (business associations) Guilds controlled production of goods Apprentice (make goods) Journeyman (sold goods) Master (developed goods)

Christianity and Medieval Civilization Papal states – territory controlled by pope Lords began appointing individuals as vassals in positions as clergymen Giving them objects for their office (ring/staff) These lords invested in these leaders for wealth Known as lay investiture, the pope came to despise this practice Concordat of Worms – Pope would select bishops as clergymen, not kings Pope Gregory VII fought this practice by believing that God chose him to reform the Church. Investiture Controversy – King Henry IV excommunicated for the lay investiture practice

Church Supremacy Other popes’ strengthened their positions Interdict – forbid priests from giving the sacraments (Christian rites) of the Church to a particular group of people Used to restore wrongdoings of a king King Phillip Augustus tried to annul marriage to his wife. Under the interdiction, he had to take her back.

New Religious Orders Monasteries became popular Many reformers felt Benedictine monastery lacked discipline Cistercians – changed monastic life (strict law) Ate simple diet Only a single robe These Cistercian monks spread the word across the countryside

Friars – bishops who traveled spreading the Catholic faith Hildegard of Bingen Known for her wisdom Wrote songs Succeeded in a time dominated by men Franciscans – founded by Saint Francis of Assisi was born of a wealthy Italian merchant family Dominicans – founded by Dominic de Guzman and wanted to defend the Church from heresy (denial of Church teachings) Friars – bishops who traveled spreading the Catholic faith Both believed in living in poverty to better serve God and spread His Word.

Inquisition Church to try people of heresy Dominicans examined those accused of heresy Confession would lead to being flogged by a whip Many tortured for not confessing to heresy

Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages Sacraments – baptism, marriage, Eucharist (Communion), rituals to receive God’s grace Saints – those on earth who have achieved a special position in heaven Nicholas, Mary, apostles, Relics – bones or objects connected with saints worthy of worship (heal or produce miracles) Pilgrimage to a holy shrine would produce spiritual benefits (Jerusalem, Rome, Canterbury)

Rise of Universities Educational guilds – universities No written exams Bologna, Oxford and Paris No women Lecture Theology – Study of God Doctor’s degree – 10 years

Scholasticism Tried to bring faith and reason together To harmonize Christian teachings and works of Greek philosophers Aristotle’s work upset Christian theologians Saint Thomas Aquinas – tried to reconcile Aristotle’s teachings with the Bible Summa Theologica – reason alone cannot grasp spiritual truths

Vernacular Literature Language of everyday speech of a particular region Latin was used during the Roman Empire Latin was used by the Catholic Church People relied on the Church for teachings of the Bible (many did not know Latin) Troubadour poetry became entertaining for nobles and knights (poems for love of their ladies and inspires knights to be brave) chanson de geste – heroic poem (Song of Roland)

Architecture Romanesque Gothic Roman style flying buttresses Thinner walls

The Black Death 1347 - 1351

The Famine of 1315-1317 By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate. A population crisis developed. Climate changes in Europe produced three years of crop failures between 1315-17 because of excessive rain. As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died. One consequence of starvation & poverty was susceptibility to disease.

1347: Plague Reaches Constantinople!

Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate. The Symptoms Bulbous Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate.

The Disease Cycle Human is infected! Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. Human is infected! Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Flea’s gut clogged with bacteria.

Medieval Art & the Plague Bring out your dead!

Medieval Art & the Plague An obsession with death.

Attempts to Stop the Plague “Leeching” A Doctor’s Robe

Attempts to Stop the Plague Flagellanti: Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!

Attempts to Stop the Plague Programs against the Jews “Golden Circle” obligatory badge “Jew” hat

The Mortality Rate 35% - 70% 25,000,000 dead !!!

Decline of Church Power The pope kidnapped by Philip IV after he rejected his right to tax the Church The pope dies from shock of kidnapping He appointed a French pope in Avignon The people of Rome demanded a new pope be appointed after Gregory XI died French cardinals declared election invalid and elected a new pope The Great Schism – two popes of the Catholic Church declaring each other the anti-Christ John Huss called for an end to the corruption of the clergy and excessive power of the papacy He was burned at the stake but the power of the Catholic Church had lost much of their spiritual authority

Hundred Years War England still held French territory France wanted it back Led to long war New weapons of war Longbows Canons Joan of Arc Heard voices from God Led French into victory at Orleans Inspired French with her faith Burned at the stake

Political Recovery The Hundred Years War left France and England in economic troubles France created a taille – annual direct tax on land or property for income England faced the War of Roses – civil war between the two royal houses of England (Henry Tudor established a new dynasty)

Spain Muslims remained in Spain Ferdinand or Aragon and Isabella of Castille unite the country by getting married They get rid of the Muslims in 1492 Christopher Columbus given charter to find all water route to India by sailing west

Central and Eastern Europe Holy Roman Empire – present day Germany, could not unite its territories in becoming a strong nation It remained divided into hundreds of states