1. Christianity and Medieval Civilizations
Chapter 10 Section 2
Christianity and Medieval Civilizations

2. Objectives Identify the role of the Papal States
List the leaders who reformed the papacy
Analyze the New Religious Orders of the 11th and 12th centuries

3. The Papal Monarchy
Since the 5th century, the popes of the Catholic Church had control of the church and the territories in central Italy known as the Papal States.
The Church was also involved in the feudal system.
Chief officials from the church, such as bishops and abbots, came to hold their office as grants from nobles.

4. Reforms of the Papacy
Secular, or lay, rulers chose nominees to church office and gave them symbols of their office, a practice known as lay investiture.
Pope Gregory VII, elected Pope in 1073 decided to fight this practice.
In 1075 Pope Gregory VII issued a decree forbidding high-ranking cleric from receiving their investitures from lay leaders, which angered German King Henry IV.

5. The struggle between Henry IV and Gregory VII is known as the Investiture Controversy.
It lasted until a new German King and new Pope reached an agreement.
The agreement that ended it was reached in and called the Concordat of Worms.

6. The Church Supreme
Later popes were more inclined to strengthen papal power.
During the papacy of Pope Innocent III in the 13th century, the church reached the height of its political power.
Forced Philip Augustus of France to take back his wife and queen after he tried to have the marriage annulled.
Compelled King John of England to accept the pope’s choice for the position of archbishop of Canterbury.

7. Innocent used the spiritual weapons at his command.
His favorite was the interdict, which forbids priests from giving the sacraments (Christian rites) of the Church to a group of people.
The goal was to cause people under interdiction to exert pressure against their ruler.
This is what made Philip restore his wife to her place as queen of France.

8. Closure
List Top 3 Facts

9. Objectives Identify the Franciscans and the Dominicans
Explain the Inquisition
Evaluate the role of women in religious orders
Analyze popular religion in the High Middle Ages

10. New Activism
One of the most important new religious orders of the Middle Ages was the Cistercian.
Formed in 1098 by a group of monks who were unhappy with the lack of discipline in the Benedictine monastery.
The Cistercians were very strict.
Simple diet, single robe.
Famous Cistercian monk- Saint Bernard of Clairvaux.

11. Women in Religious Orders
Number of women joining religious homes increased dramatically.
Convents were havens for women without husbands, widows, and female intellectuals.
Most learned women of the middle ages, especially in Germany, were nuns.
Especially true of Hildegard of Bingen, important contributor to the Gregorian chant.

12. Franciscan and Dominicians
Franciscans- founded by St. Francis of Assisi, led a simple life and took vows of absolute poverty and lived in the world.
Dominicans- founded by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman, who wanted to defend the church teachings from heresy- the denial of basic Church doctrines.
Adherents to these types of movements were called heretics.

13. The Inquisition
The Church’s desire to have a method of discovering and dealing with heretics led to the creation of a court called the Inquisition, or Holy Office.
Job of the court was to find and try heretics.
The Dominicans were especially well known for their role as examiners of people suspected of heresy.
If you confessed- public penance and punishment.
If you did not voluntarily confess, you were tortured until you did.
If you still did not confess, or returned to heretic ways after confessing, you were turned to the state of execution.

14. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
Sacraments were very important to ordinary people, and only the clergy could administer them.
The veneration of saints was also important.
Saints were men and women who were considered especially holy.
Emphasis on the role of the saints was closely tied to the use of relics, which were usually bones of saints or objects connected with saints.

15. Medieval pilgrims also believed that a pilgrimage to a holy shrine produced a spiritual benefit.
The great shrine, but the most difficult to reach, was considered the city of Jerusalem.
Other popular pilgrim centers included Rome, and Santiago de Compostela.

16. Closure
What did you learn today?

17. Assignments:
Page 328 1,2,4-6