Industrialization Spreads Section 9.3

England First country to industrialize on huge scale Inspired other countries to industrialize – Copy the “British miracle” Class structure becomes more rigid Raises the world standing of England – Crystal Palace – built to show the wealth and power of English industrialization

America Has a wealth of resources similar to Britain – War of 1812 – Britain blockades America Forces US to rely on own resources to develop industry Industrialization started with textiles – England had forbid engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving country - protect secrets

– Samuel Slater emigrates to America Brings the design of the spinning machine Moses Brown used it to start first mechanized factory – Francis Cabot Lowell revolutionized American textiles by mechanizing all stages in cloth manufacturing Became model for American factories

Social changes – Mill girls: Women moving to factory towns Higher wages Independence Watched closely by factory owners to ensure “proper behavior” – Cities grow similar to Britain America

– Immigrants Usually take unskilled jobs Came looking for opportunity and usually ended up in factories Many were Northern European Discrimination

America: Later Expansion Northeast saw the majority of the industrialism – Industrial boom after Civil War South rebuilt New inventions: – Better excavation of natural resources – Electric light bulb, telephone

Rise of railroads – Chicago and Minneapolis huge centers – Railroads became profitable Symbols of power End of the 1800s – small number of companies control 2/3rds of the tracks

America: Rise of Corporations Need money to build large businesses – Stock – certain rights of ownership in the company – Corporation – business owned by stockholders who share in profits but are not responsible for debts Protects people who invest

Corporations – Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller) – Carnegie Steel Company (Andrew Carnegie) – Horizontal Integration – Control every aspect of industry in order to make big profits Wealthy earned money, workers were still given low wages

Belgium First continental country to industrialize William Cockerill, illegally traveled to Belgium – Plans for spinning machinery – Son, John, built industrial enterprise in Belgium Produced mechanical equipment – Steam engines – Railway locomotives Never became a European industrial power - Congo

Germany Pockets of industrialization – Coal-rich valley of the Ruhr 1835, kingdoms in German Confederacy copied British model – Imported British machines – Wealthy sent children to England to learn industrial management

Built railroads linking manufacturing cities – Frankfurt to the Ruhr Valley Industrialization allowed Prussia to create Germany and make it industrial powerhouse by late 1800s

Continental Europe: Everywhere else Industrialization: – Catalonia (Spain) - cotton – Bohemia - spinning – Northern Italy – machine made silk – France - most stable Agriculture did not suffer as people moved to cities 1850s – create railroads to connect the country

Some places never industrialized: – Austria-Hungary – mountainous land = no railroads – Ottoman Empire – difficult to control large empire – Spain – lacked good roads and waterways Fragmented control of country

Impact of Industrialization: Imperialism Industrialized countries needed natural resources, gained by seizing other countries – Imperialism – policy of extending one country’s rule over other lands – Gave more power to these industrializing powers

Impact of Industrialization: Society Western countries: – Economies focused on industry – Wealth gaps between classes Resentment allowed for revolutionary ideas – Increase of middle class allowed for more education – not majority – Improved life expectancy as industrialization moves along Eastern countries: – Economies focused on agriculture, small workshops – Decreased power and wealth – Eastern peoples were “lesser” because not industrialized

Impact of Industrialization: Nationalism Countries compare themselves, which strengthens differences – Industrial power is indicator of strength of nationalism and country