Preparing the Public Speech

Getting started Central Idea: This is the one idea you want your audience to remember, long after your speech is over. General Purpose: To inform or to persuade. Specific purpose: A one-sentence statement about your goal for what the audience should learn.

General Purpose 1.Keep the audience in mind (3 Ws) ‏ 1.Keep the audience in mind (3 Ws) ‏ Whom (To whom am I speaking?) ‏Whom (To whom am I speaking?) ‏ What (What do I want them to know?) ‏What (What do I want them to know?) ‏ How(What is the most effective way toHow(What is the most effective way to present my speech? present my speech? 1.Create a bond with the audience 2.Practice in the classroom

Analyzing the Audience 1.Keep the audience in mind (3 Ws) ‏ 1.Keep the audience in mind (3 Ws) ‏ Whom (To whom am I speaking?) ‏Whom (To whom am I speaking?) ‏ What (What do I want them to know?) ‏What (What do I want them to know?) ‏ How(What is the most effective way toHow(What is the most effective way to present my speech? present my speech? 1.Create a bond with the audience 2.Practice in the classroom

Analyzing the Audience 1.Keep the audience in mind (3 Ws) ‏ 1.Keep the audience in mind (3 Ws) ‏ Whom (To whom am I speaking?) ‏Whom (To whom am I speaking?) ‏ What (What do I want them to know?) ‏What (What do I want them to know?) ‏ How(What is the most effective way toHow(What is the most effective way to present my speech? present my speech? 1.Create a bond with the audience 2.Practice in the classroom

Demographic Audience Analysis Age Age Gender Gender Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background Religion Religion Group membership Group membership

Disposition Toward the speaker… Be confident Be confident Act competent Act competent Act interested Act interested Toward the occasion… Political Speech Political Speech Sermons Sermons After Dinner Speech After Dinner Speech

Learning & Adapting about the audience Interviewing Interviewing Questionnaires Questionnaires See things from the other person’s point of view See things from the other person’s point of view Make yourself clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible. Make yourself clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible.

How to gather your material 1. Yourself 2. Go directly to the source (primary resource) ‏ -interview 1. Go to another source written by someone else (secondary source) ‏ -Internet, books, magazines, newspapers etc.

Library research a. Librarian b. Catalogue c. Periodical Databases d. Reference Works

Internet Research * Be sure to use a “valid” site

Interviewing Do it ahead of time Do it ahead of time Be prepared with questions Be prepared with questions Be professional Be professional Be friendly Be friendly Be a good listener Be a good listener Take good notes (or record) ‏ Take good notes (or record) ‏ Send a “thank you” letter Send a “thank you” letter

Supporting Ideas Decide what ideas you need to support based on your audience, topic and purpose. a. Examples b. Statistics c. Testimony

Types of Examples Referred to in a passage to illustrate a point; can introduce a topic; pile them one after the other to create a strong impression (brief) ‏ Referred to in a passage to illustrate a point; can introduce a topic; pile them one after the other to create a strong impression (brief) ‏ Narratives or anecdotes which pull the listener into the story (extended) ‏ Narratives or anecdotes which pull the listener into the story (extended) ‏ Describing an imaginary situation (hypothetical) ‏ Describing an imaginary situation (hypothetical) ‏

Tips for Using Examples 1. Clarify unfamiliar and complex ideas 2. Reinforce ideas 3. Personalize ideas 4. Make examples vivid 5. Practice delivery

Statistics Use these to create an overall impact on listeners Use these to create an overall impact on listeners Often cited in passing to strengthen or clarify a point Often cited in passing to strengthen or clarify a point Life examples can be stacked to show seriousness of an issue Life examples can be stacked to show seriousness of an issue

Tips for using statistics 1. Use them to quantify ideas 2. Use them sparingly 3. Use them for most important points 4. Identify the sources 5. Explain the statistics 6. Round off complicated stats 7. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

Where to find statistics Statistical Yearbook ( by the U.N.) ‏ Statistical Yearbook ( by the U.N.) ‏ Guinness Book of World Records Guinness Book of World Records

Testimony 1. Expert testimony 2. Peer testimony 3. Quoting vs. Paraphrasing Use quotations when…. a. They are brief. b. They convey meaning better than you can. c. They are eloquent, witty or compelling.

Tips for Using Testimony Quote or paraphrase accurately Quote or paraphrase accurately Use testimony from qualified sources Use testimony from qualified sources Use testimony from unbiased sources Use testimony from unbiased sources

When using quotes… Identify the people quoted or paraphrased. Identify the people quoted or paraphrased. State the full name and qualifications the first time a person is quoted. State the full name and qualifications the first time a person is quoted.

Sources of testimony BOOKS BOOKS JOURNALS JOURNALS SPECIFIC EXPERTS IN A FIELD SPECIFIC EXPERTS IN A FIELD e.g. faculty members, board members, researchers, professionals, etc. e.g. faculty members, board members, researchers, professionals, etc.

Speaking to Inform

Things to keep in mind when speaking to inform… a) Limit a speech to 2-5 main points b) Keep the main points separate c) Try to use the same pattern of wording for each main point d) Balance the amount of time for each main point

An informative speech also… 1. Must be presented clearly 2. Must be presented accurately 3. Must be engaging and keep the audience interested

Four major types of Informative Speeches A speech that talks about visible, tangible and stable objects (e.g. specific people, trains, comic strips and the U.S. army) ‏ A speech that talks about visible, tangible and stable objects (e.g. specific people, trains, comic strips and the U.S. army) ‏ A speech about processes (e.g. how to set a table, how to put a resume together, how hurricanes develop, how rugs are made) ‏ A speech about processes (e.g. how to set a table, how to put a resume together, how hurricanes develop, how rugs are made) ‏

A speech about events (anything that happens or is regarded as a happening) ‏ A speech about events (anything that happens or is regarded as a happening) ‏ -e.g. Holocaust, civil rights movement, mountain climbing, Battle of Little Big Horn A speech about concepts (typically things that are abstract like ideas, principles, beliefs, theories A speech about concepts (typically things that are abstract like ideas, principles, beliefs, theories -e.g. Confucianism, religious beliefs, theories of psychology

Process of Organizing the Speech 1. Develop a purpose statement for the speech in order to focus on one aspect of the topic or subject. Examples: a) To inform my audience about the major achievements of Fredrick Douglas. b) To inform my audience of the major steps in the classic Japanese tea ceremony c) To inform my audience about why so many lives were lost when the Titanic sank

Identify the Central Idea of the Speech Examples: 1. Fredrick Douglas became one of the greatest figures in American history even though he was born into slavery. 2. There are five major steps in the classic Japanese tea ceremony. 3. Inability to remove passengers and crew from the Titanic caused 2/3rds of those on board to die.

Organize the main points A. Spatial Ex: Northwest Ohio is largely farmland. Northeast is largely Industrial. Southwest Ohio has a service economy. A. Topical Ex: Cars can be powered by electricity; cars can be powered by a mix of electricity and gas; cars can be powered by hydrogen. A. Chronological

Things to keep in mind when speaking to inform 1. Don’t overestimate what the audience knows. 2. Relate the subject directly to the audience. 3. Don’t be too technical or use too much jargon. 4. Avoid abstractions.

Speaking to Persuade

Three things to keep in mind A. Of all the kinds of public speaking, persuasion is the most complex and the most challenging. B. Persuasive Speaking occurs in a hostile environment where listeners try to find every reason not to agree with you. C. No matter how expert you are on the topic, no mater how skillfully you prepare the speech, no matter how captivating your delivery is, some listeners will not agree with you.

Three types of persuasive speeches A. Persuasive speeches on questions of fact. -Present one view of the facts as persuasively as possible (e.g. persuading the audience that genetically engineered crops pose serious dangers to the environment and to human health).

A. Persuasive speeches on questions of value. -Establish the standards for your value judgment and then apply those standards to the subject of your speech (e.g. if your argument is bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation, you first need to identify the standards for an ideal form of land transportation and then show how biking measures up against those standards

A. Persuasive speeches on questions of policy. Questions of policy inevitably involve questions of fact and may also involve questions of value.

FIVE STEPS IN MONROE’S MOTIVATED SEQUENCE

INTRODUCTION 1. ATTENTION: get the attention of your audience with a detailed story, shocking example, dramatic statistic, quotation, etc. BODY 2. NEED: state the problem with the existing situation and illustrate it with strong supporting materials, such as statistics, examples, and testimony 3. SATISFACTION: present your plan/solution to the problem and show how it will work 4. VISUALIZATION: show how the audience will profit from your policy listening

CONCLUSION 5. ACTION: Say exactly what you want the audience to do and how to do it. Then conclude with a final stirring appeal that reinforces their commitment to act.