Organelles of the Cell

Three Sections of the Cell cytoplasm All cells take in food, rid waste, reproduce 3 main sections 1) Plasma membrane 2) Nucleus 3) Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm Jelly-like material inside of the cell Most organelles float within Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes

Cytoplasm Jelly-like material inside of the cell Most organelles float within Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes Department of General Instrumentation (KUN) (E.S. Pierson, B. van der Linden) Cytoplasmic streaming!

Cytoplasm Jelly-like material inside of the cell Most organelles float within Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes Job: Help dissolve solutes & move materials around

Plasma Membrane Aka: Cell Membrane O H O Plasma Membrane glucose glucose Protein channel lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid Aka: Cell Membrane Composition: Bilayer of lipids & proteins Job: Allow materials to enter/exit Semi-Permeable: only specific materials may enter and exit through pores & protein channels – NOT EVERYTHING can pass through. glucose glucose

Nucleus Job: Controls cell activity Inside: 1) Chromatin long strands of DNA holds info to make proteins 2) Nucleolus: makes ribosomes nucleolus nucleolus

Endoplasmic Reticulum nucleolus chromatin nuclear envelope Rough ER Receives ribosomes from the nucleoulus Job: Tunnel system that transports protein making ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER Receives ribosomes from the nucleus Job: Tunnel system that transports protein making ribosomes Smooth ER: makes fats & breaks down toxins (no ribosomes)

Ribosomes Created by nucleolus Transported by the rough ER protein Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome Created by nucleolus Transported by the rough ER Job: make proteins

Golgi Body Job: Modifies, sorts, & packages proteins Proteins released inside a protective vesicle

Protein Shipment 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes Nucleus vesicle nucleolus ribosome protein 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes 2) Ribosome travels through rough ER making proteins

Protein Shipment vesicle p r o t e i n ribosome p r o t e i n protein

Protein Shipment 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes vesicle vesicle protein p r o t e i n 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes 2) Ribosome travels through rough ER making proteins 3) Golgi Body sorts & packages the protein 4) Vesicle releases the protein from the cell

Protein Shipment 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes 2) Ribosome travels through rough ER making proteins 3) Golgi Body sorts & packages the protein 4) Vesicle releases the protein from the cell

1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor Which organelle builds proteins? ____________ Stores DNA? ____________ Produces ribosomes? ___________ Creates fats and breaks down toxins? ___________ Packages and releases proteins from a cell? __________ Allows material to enter/exit a cell? ______________ Links chains of amino acids together? ______________ Ribosome Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth ER Golgi body Cell membrane Ribosome

1 minute: Discuss with your neighboor Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish…. A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus

The Answer is…. Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish…. C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle

Job: Create ATP (energy molecule) in a process called cellular respiration Endosymbiosis theory: once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells Evidence: Own DNA & ribosomes Make proteins Replicate Mitochondria

Endosymbiosis Mitochondria ancestor The process continues. Overtime, the two are dependent on each other. A large predator cell devours the mitochondria ancestor The predator cell divides, splitting apart the mitochondria Mitochondria survive and divide

Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Jobs: 1) Break down food protein cell p r o t e i n Lysosome (with enzymes inside)

Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Jobs: 1) Break down food 2) Kill pathogens White blood cell Lysosome (with enzymes inside)

Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Jobs: 1) Break down food 2) Kill pathogens 3) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Sperm cells swim with their flagellum flagellum Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Fertilized egg grows into a fetus Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement 9 months later… Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement 14 years later… Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement 4 years later… Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

Cilia & Flagella Job: movement Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

Cell Wall Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells plants

Cell Wall Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells Job: Adds support for growth Cell Wall Cell wall Plasma membrane

Cell Wall Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells Job: Adds support for growth Made of tough cellulose Hard to digest Witnessed by Robert Hooke in 1665 Cell Wall

Chloroplast Job: Perform photosynthesis chloroplasts Several dozen plant cells… lets zoom in

Chloroplast Job: Perform photosynthesis Look for them flowing in the cytoplasm during our lab activity!

Chloroplast Job: Perform photosynthesis Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars

Chloroplast Job: Perform photosynthesis Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars Endosymbiosis theory: were once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells Evidence: Own DNA and ribosomes Make proteins Replicate Chloroplast ancestor

Vacuole Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments Plant cells: Large central vacuole vacuole

Vacuole Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments Plant cells: Large central vacuole Central Vacuole Cytoplasmic streaming

Vacuole Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments Plant cells: Large central vacuole Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles vacuoles

Vacuole Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments Plant cells: Large central vacuole Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles

Kobe Kuiz Pick an organelle…any organelle. Describe its function. Name 7 organelles that can be found within the cytoplasm. Describe the pathway that proteins travel from creation to exportation. List various reasons to help support the theory of endosymbiosis. Name two organelles that plant cells have and animal cells do not. Which organelle creates ATP energy for cells? Which organelle converts sunlight into sugar? Which organelle creates ribosomes? Which organelle fuses with the cell membrane to release proteins? Which molecule holds the information to make a protein?