© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. Chapter 2 Sentences

Learning Objectives Recognize basic sentence elements including subjects and predicates. Differentiate among phrases, dependent clauses, and independent clauses. Understand how to use simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. Identify four basic sentence patterns. Punctuate statements, questions, commands, and exclamations. Use techniques to avoid basic sentence faults such as fragments, comma splices, and run-on sentences. 2-2 © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-3 Sentence Elements

Subject Completeness Predicate Sentence Elements © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer 2-4 Sentence: a group of words that includes a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought

Subject Sentence Elements © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer 2-5 Simple subject: a noun or a pronoun that tells who or what the sentence is about Complete subject: includes all modifiers

Locating Subjects  To locate a sentence subject, ask Who or what is being discussed? – The manager hires all new employees. Who is being discussed? – Training programs educate new employees. What is being discussed? 2-6© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Predicate Sentence Elements © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer 2-7 Simple predicate: a verb or verb phrase that tells or asks what the subject is doing or what is being done to the subject Complete predicate: includes modifiers, objects, and complements

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer 2-8 TRY YOUR SKILL A manager from ComStar has been calling you. What is the 1.Complete subject? 2.Complete predicate? 3.Simple subject? 4.Simple predicate?

Completeness Sentence Elements In addition to having subjects and predicates, sentences must be complete and make sense. 2-9 © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-10 Examples: A set of guidelines was developed. (This sentence has a subject and a predicate and is complete.) To be used in ordering computer supplies. (This fragment, broken off from another sentence, is incomplete and doesn’t make sense.) Sentence Elements Completeness © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-11 Phrases and Clauses  Phrase: a group of related words WITHOUT a subject and a verb Kim came to the interview in the morning. She had been told to arrive at 10 a.m. Complete Sentences ClausesPhrases © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-12 Phrases and Clauses  Clause: a group of related words WITH a subject and a verb Independent clauses can stand alone. Dependent clauses rely on independent clauses for their meaning. When she arrived, she introduced herself. If she was afraid, she didn’t show it. Complete Sentences ClausesPhrases © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-13 Sentence Varieties © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-14 Four Sentence Varieties  Simple sentence: has one independent clause―that is, one clause that can stand alone  Compound sentence: has two or more independent clauses.  Each interviewee sent a résumé.  Kim spent many hours preparing her résumé, and she practiced her answers to typical interview questions. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-15 Four Sentence Varieties  Complex sentence: has one independent clause and one dependent clause  When Kim arrived for the interview, she introduced herself to the receptionist. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-16 Four Sentence Varieties  Compound-complex sentence: has two or more independent clauses and one dependent clause.  Because she had prepared well, Kim felt confident; she answered all questions fully and enthusiastically. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-17 Sentence Patterns © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-18 Pattern No. 1: Subject-Verb This is the most basic sentence pattern The subject is followed by its verb. EXAMPLES Charlie called. He is working. All employees work. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-19 The subject is followed by an action verb and its direct object. The object usually answers the questions What? and Whom? Pattern No. 2: Subject-Action Verb-Object EXAMPLES ComStar created a website. A law office hired her. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-20 The subject is followed by a linking verb and its complement. Pattern No. 3: Subject-Linking Verb-Complement Complement Noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or describes the subject Completes the meaning of the subject © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-21 Our receptionist is Patricia. (Noun complement) The winner of the award is he. (Pronoun complement) Their website is attractive. (Adjective complement) Complement Examples © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-22 Verbs may occasionally precede subjects. Pattern No. 4: Inverted Order EXAMPLES Chairing the committee is Renee Cornell. There are three items we should discuss. Here is my business card. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

1.Cathy Formusa is serving on the task force. 2.We are considering two candidates for the position. 3.Your authorization form is here Rearrange these inverted sentences to place them in normal subject- verb order. TRY YOUR SKILL 1.Serving on the task force is Cathy Formusa. 2.There are two candidates we are considering for the position 3.Here is your authorization form. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-24 Sentence Punctuation © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Exclamations Commands Questions Statements Punctuating Four Sentence Types 2-25© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Statements Punctuating 2-26 Statements: make assertions and end with periods Many companies now use social media for marketing and communication. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Questions Punctuating 2-27 Questions: concluded by question marks Can you avoid social media while on vacation? © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Commands Punctuating 2-28 Commands: end with periods or, occasionally, with exclamation points Check your messages at least twice a day. (The subject is understood to be you.) © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Exclamations Punctuating 2-29 Exclamations: show surprise, disbelief, or strong feelings Oh, no! I made a huge mistake! © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

1.One of my friends and I are preparing for job interviews 2-30 What is this group of words?  Statement  Question  Command  Exclamation TRY YOUR SKILL Name the subject. . © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2.Wow! What a presentation 2-31 What is this group of words?  Statement  Question  Command  Exclamation TRY YOUR SKILL  ! © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

3.Why do you think you should work for us 2-32 What is this group of words?  Statement  Question  Command  Exclamation TRY YOUR SKILL Name the subject.  ? © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

4.Prepare carefully by practicing questions and answers 2-33 What is this group of words?  Statement  Question  Command  Exclamation TRY YOUR SKILL Name the subject.  you (implied). © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

5.I wonder whether I will be hired for the job 2-34 What is this group of words?  Statement  Question  Command  Exclamation TRY YOUR SKILL Name the subject. . © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-35 Sentence Faults © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Fragment Run-on Sentence Comma Splice Sentence Faults 2-36© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Fragment Sentence Faults 2-37 Fragment: an incomplete sentence; should not be punctuated as if it were complete May be broken off from a preceding or following sentence © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-38 FRAGMENT Because we have all come to depend on . That’s why we must find a solution. REMEDY Because we have all come to depend on , we must find a solution. Fragment Sentence Faults © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Comma Splice Sentence Faults Comma Splice: when two complete sentences are incorrectly joined with a comma 2-39© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-40 COMMA SPLICE Text messaging is popular, it’s even used in offices. REMEDIES Text messaging is popular. It’s even used in offices. Text messaging is popular; it’s even used in offices. Text messaging is popular, and it’s even used in offices. Comma Splice Sentence Faults © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Run-on Sentence Sentence Faults 2-41 Run-on (Fused) Sentence: when two complete thoughts are run together © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-42 RUN-ON Text messaging was once used by teenagers now it’s also used by business professionals. REMEDIES Text messaging was once used by teenagers; now it’s also used by business professionals. Text messaging was once used by teenagers. Now it’s also used by business professionals. Text messaging was once used by teenagers, but now it’s also used by business professionals. Run-on Sentence Sentence Faults © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

1.Unless I hear from you to the contrary. I'll assume you agree with me TRY YOUR SKILL REMEDY Unless I hear from you to the contrary, I'll assume you agree with me. Identify any sentence faults:  Fragment  Comma splice  Run-on Suggest remedies.  © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2.No stock market prices were available, the market was closed for the holiday TRY YOUR SKILL REMEDY No stock market prices were available; the market was closed for the holiday. Identify any sentence faults:  Fragment  Comma splice  Run-on Suggest remedies.  © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

3.The report that you said you would finish in the near future. It's still lying on your desk TRY YOUR SKILL REMEDY The report that you said you would finish in the near future is still lying on your desk. Identify any sentence faults:  Fragment  Comma splice  Run-on Suggest remedies.  © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

4.Some employees work Sunday other employees come in early Monday TRY YOUR SKILL REMEDY Some employees work on Sunday; other employees come in early Monday. Identify any sentence faults:  Fragment  Comma splice  Run-on Suggest remedies.  © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

2-47 “Of all the arts in which the wise excel, nature’s chief masterpiece is writing well.” --André Breton, French writer ( ) © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Remember this… “The art of communication is the language of leadership.” --James Humes 1-48© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer