Brief Response: What did he mean? What did Austrian leader, Klemens von Metternich, mean when he said, “When France sneezes all Europe catches a cold” That French liberal rebellions encouraged revolts in other European nations.

Revolution in the Américas. p. 155

Why Latin America Spain owned most of the lands in the Americas. Spanish culture was elitist, not democratic. When Napoleon took over Spain, the colonies in Latin America had a chance to run themselves. When Spain returned to control them after Napoleon’s fall, Latin American colonials (Latinos) resisted and gained independence. Few Latino elites wanted democracy, however, and Latino lower classes would suffer as a result.

Peninsulares: colonists originally from Spain, living in the colonies. Able to hold the highest government and social positions and held the most power in Spanish colonial society. Owned most of the land (Church took some lands) haciendas— ranches/plantations; mines, other businesses professions.

Creole: second generation Spaniard, son/daughter of a Peninsular family. Able to hold high government and social positions not the full equal to a Peninsular.

Mestizo: mixed-birth, lower-class people. Part Indian, part European (used by Spanish and Portuguese, mostly)

Mulatto: mixed-birth, lower-class people. Part African, part European (used by Spanish, Portuguese, English, French mostly)

François-Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture: C Free African leader of the successful Saint-Domingue revolution. Self-trained military leader who defeated French Revolutionary and Napoleon’s troops. His forces achieved the following: Abolition of slavery Most of the island was under its control. Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops captured L’Ouverture. He died in jail, in France, but the rebels continued to resist.

Father Miguel Hidalgo: C Creole priest and leader of the Mexican Revolution. On September 16, 1810, he called for Mexican freedom from Spain. His cheer is called “El Grito de Dolores” location

C Father Jose Morelos: He continued leading the Mexican revolution after Hidalgo. He was a mestizo. He was also captured and executed by Spanish forces supported by rich Mexicans.

Why Hidalgo’s Revolt Failed. Unfortunately, his popularity was only with the poor. Hidalgo planned land reforms and other social changes to benefit Mexico’s lower classes. Wealthy Mexicans feared their land would be taken. Though they wanted freedom from Spain, they did not want what Hidalgo and his rebels were fighting for. Hidalgo was captured by Spanish troops and executed. The revolution went on….. Diego Rivera’s image of the martyr, Hidalgo, in a massive mural of Mexican history……

EC: Coat of Arms of Modern Mexico EC: What is the story behind this symbol? Mexican gods told the Aztecs where they saw an eagle, snake, and nopal, that is where they would build Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). It is centered on the Mexican Flag.

Copy on a separate paper (7 points) What nationalist symbols/acts do you see in the video? (3). What Mexican heroes does the president name in the “grito”? (3) What city in Mexico is this event taking place?

Mexico’s success encouraged people in Central America. They rebel and create the United Provinces of Central America in the early 1820s. The new government fails. Five new republics emerge: El Salvador Guatemala Costa Rica Honduras Nicaragua

Five new Central American nations

C Simon Bolivar: Creole, inspired by enlightenment ideas and ideals of the American and French revolutions. “liberty, equality, fraternity” are his goals for Latinos His fellow Creoles, only want that for themselves, however, not the peasants they own. He led a successful revolt to create Venezuela in 1810. Creoles attacked his liberal reforms, exiling him twice. In 1821, he succeeded in defeating the Spanish in all of New Granada. He is called “El Liberador” by people there. In the US called him the “George Washington of Latin America”

Jose de San Martin: Leader of rebel forces in southern Peru and La Plata. Joined forces with Bolivar, freeing the rest of South America from Spanish control.

Gran Colombia becomes three nations (3) Ecuador Venezuela

Central and Southern Spanish South America Independence there would create the new nations of: (6) Argentina Chile Paraguay Uruguay Peru Bolivia

Dom Pedro: Portuguese Prince. When his father was overthrown in Portugal, he made Brazil independent, and became its first emperor. He allowed a constitutional monarchy, with a legislature, freedom of the press, freedom of religion. The monarchy would last until 1889 when Brazil becomes a republic.

Hwk

Standards Check, p. 156 Question: Creoles got their revolutionary ideas from: Books by Enlightenment thinkers. Observing the American and French Revolutions.

Standards Check, p. 156 Question: The Armies of slaves who revolted against their owners in 1791 formed the army that then fought for Haiti’s independence from France.

Image, p. 157 Question: The preferred death to a return to slavery.

Standards Check, p. 158 Question: When Spanish liberals forced the king to issue a constitution, Iturbide fought for independence to avoid liberal reform.

p. 159, Thinking Critically 1. Strong leaders galvanized revolts 2. Enlightenment ideals and the French and American revolutions.

Standards Check, p. 160: Question: The revolution won independence, but failed to unite the lands or win social or democratic reforms.

Thinking Critically, p. 161: 1. He thought they were very poorly prepared for new government by their experience with corrupt, tyrannical colonial government 2. Practical: Latinos could have made a successful effort at democratic government. They had to be open to various opinions….. Idealistic: Latino creoles would not surrender the power they took from Spain. Democracy was not natural to them.

Brief Response Agustín de Iturbide and Simón Bolívar both sought independence for their people but for different reasons. Explain the differences in the motivations of these two leaders.