Review

 Independent Variable  Being manipulated or intentionally changed  Dependent Variable  Being measured (outcome)  Control Group  To compare, to ensure there is no outside influence

1. You want to see if playing music makes plants grow taller. 2. Orchids were studied to determine if the amount of humidity affected the flowering of these plants. 3. A florist wants to see if Product X will extend the life of cut flowers so that they last longer. 4. A soap manufacturer wants to prove that their detergent works better to remove tough stains. 5. A scientist want to study the diversity of soil bacteria found during different months of the year.

 All organisms are composed of one or more cells.  The cell is the most basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all organisms.  All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells.

 Prokaryotic  No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles  Eukaryotic  Nucleus & membrane bound organelles  Plants + Animals

 Plants  Chloroplast  Cell wall  Large vacuole  Animals  Lacking the above

 Diffusion  movement of particles from high to low concentration  Facilitated Diffusion  Assisted using a protein allows for selected particles  Active Transportation  Requires energy (ATP)

 Hypertonic  Higher concentration of solutes  Hypotonic  Higher concentration of water  Isotonic  Equal concentrations Why do plant cells not burst in a hypotonic solution?

MacromoleculesSubunits Monomers, Functions:Examples: Carbohydrates Simple sugars - Glucose EnergySugar Starch LipidsFatty acids + Glycerol Energy storage + cell membrane Fats, oils, waxes ProteinsAmino AcidsStructure + Support Muscle, Bones, Enzymes Nucleic AcidsNucleotidesGenetic storage Protein synthesis DNA + RNA What is the difference between a monomer and polymer (think lego’s)

 Proteins that speed up biological reactions by reducing activation energy

 Polarity – slightly charged regions  Hydrogen bonds – bonds between polar molecules  Cohesion  Attraction of same kind  Adhesion  Attraction different kind  High specific heat  Requires lots of energy to change temperature O HH _ ++

 Interphase – Most of cells life, growth, DNA replication (S)  Mitosis – Division of nucleus  Cytokinesis – Division of cytoplasm into 2 cells

 Division of nucleus  For body or somatic cells  Creates identical cells  PMAT

 Creates 4 haploid cells  Provides genetic variation (different from parent)  Crossing over – mixing of DNA segments during prophase 1 (increases number of allele combinations)

 Occurs in chloroplast  Uses solar energy to create chemical energy  H2O+CO2  Sugar+02

 Occurs in mitochondria  Provides energy for the cell (ATP)  Sugar+02  H2O+CO2  Aerobic – uses O2  Anaerobic – does not use 02

 Energy on a cellular level  “Battery” that gets used by use of an enzyme breaking off the 3 rd phosphate

 Double helix & Nucleotides  Ex. If given ACC TGC write the compliment  Base pairing rules  A T  C G

 Occurs during synthesis of interphase  DNA unzips and uses itself as a template to create an identical copy of DNA