Chapter 16 The Two Worlds of Christendom 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Medieval Christendom Two halves  Byzantine empire  Germanic states Inherited Christianity from Roman empire 2 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

The Early Byzantine Empire Commercial, strategic value of location Constantine names capital after himself (Constantinople), moves capital there after 330 C.E. 1453, falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul 4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Caesaropapism Power centralized in figure of emperor Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather divine authority Political rule Involved in religious rule as well Authority absolute 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Justinian ( C.E.)  Justinian ( C.E.) and his legacy; Theodora (empress) Rebuilt Constantinople, including the church of Hagia Sophia Justinian's Code  Codified Roman law Corpus iuris civilis(The Body of the Civil Law) 9 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Byzantine Conquests Effort to reconquer much of western Roman empire from Germanic people Unable to consolidate control of territories 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Muslim Conquests Seventh century, Arab Muslim expansion Besieged Byzantium , ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

Theme System Themes (provinces) under control of generals Military administration Control from central imperial government Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land grants 16 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Germanic Successor States Last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic, 476 C.E. Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lose population ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

The Franks Conversion to Christianity gains popular support Firm alliance with western Christian church In Gaul (France) Clovis established the Frank empire in 400 AD He converted to Christianity around 500 when his troops won a difficult battle Massive public baptism of Clovis and 3,000 Franks This conversion won Clovis the support of the Roman Catholic Church 18 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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The Carolingians Charles “the Hammer” Martel begins Carolingian dynasty Defeats Spanish Muslims at Battle of Tours (732)  Halts Islamic advance into western Europe 22 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Charlemagne (r ) Grandson of Charles Martel Centralized imperial rule Functional illiterate, but sponsored extensive scholarship Pope Leo III crowns him as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Carolingian Empire, 814 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26

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Invasions South: Muslims North: Vikings  Norse expansion driven by population pressure, quest for wealth  Superior seafaring technology 29 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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The Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire (843 C.E.) and the Invasions of Early Medieval Europe in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31

The Vikings Boats with shallow drafts, capable of river travel as well as on open seas Attacked villages, cities, monasteries from ninth century  Constantinople sacked three times 32 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Economy in Medieval Christendom Byzantium – economic powerhouse Agricultural surplus Long-distance trade Free peasantry kept Byzantium strong and were supported by the theme system Decline after eleventh century when wealthy accumulated large estates 35 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Manufacturing and Trade in Byzantium Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to expand after sixth century Tax revenues from silk route 36 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Heavy plows, water mills, horse collar  Heavy plows appeared in the sixth century; could turn heavy northern soils  Became common from the eighth century; production increased  Cultivation of new lands; watermills; and rotating crops 37 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Societies and Trade Rural society--agricultural surplus not enough to support large cities  Mediterranean trade--Italian and Spanish merchants trade with Muslims Norse merchant mariners in North and Baltic Seas  Followed routes of Vikings  Traded actively with Byzantine and Abbasid empires  Imported Abbasid silver used in European coinage Population: 36 million in 200; down to 26 million in 600; back up to 36 million in 1000 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 38

Western Europe: Rural Society Concept of feudalism  Lords and vassals  Increasingly inadequate model for describing complex society Ad hoc arrangements in absence of strong central authorities Local nobles take over administration from weak central government 39 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Lords and Retainers Formation of small private armies Incentives: land grants, income from mills, cash payments Formation of hereditary class of military retainers Development of other functions  Justice, social welfare 40 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Peasants’ Rights and Obligations Obligation to provide labor Unable to move from land 41 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Evolution of Christian Societies Christianity main source of religious, moral, and cultural authority Two halves disagree on doctrine, ritual, and church authority By mid-eleventh century, two rival communities  Eastern Orthodox  Roman Catholic 42 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Monasticism and Society  Became dominant feature in social and cultural life of western Europe  Accumulated large landholdings  Organized much of the rural labor force for agricultural production  Provided variety of social services: inns, shelters, orphanages, hospitals, schools  Libraries and scriptoria became centers of learning  Agents in spread of Christianity  Missionaries – Christian cultural zone in western part of Eurasian continent 43 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity Ritual disputes: Beards on clergy and Leavened bread for Mass Theological disputes: Nature of the Trinity ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 44

Schism Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction 1054, patriarch of Constantinople and pope of Rome excommunicate each other 45 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.