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The Two Worlds of Christendom
Chapter 16 The Two Worlds of Christendom Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Medieval Christendom Two halves
Byzantine empire Germanic states Inherited Christianity from Roman empire After eighth century, tensions between two halves Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E.
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Early Byzantine Empire
Capital: Byzantium On the Bosporus Golden Horn Commercial, strategic value of location Byzantion designated new imperial capital, renamed Constantinople (“city of Constantine”) Site of imperial government after 330 C.E. City’s fall to Turks, 1453 C.E., renamed Istanbul Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Caesaropapism Power centralized in figure of emperor
Christian leader cannot claim divinity; rather, divine authority Political rule; involved in religious rule as well Authority absolute Etiquette reinforced authority of emperor Royal purple; prostration; mechanical devices designed to inspire awe Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Justinian and Theodora
Justinian, r. 527–565 C.E., the “sleepless emperor” Wife Theodora as advisor Background: circus performer Ambitious construction programs Church of Hagia Sophia Justinian’s code: codification of Roman law Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Byzantine Conquests Effort to reconquer much of western Roman empire from Germanic people Unable to consolidate control of territories Rome abandoned Ravenna Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Muslim Conquests Seventh century, Arab Muslim expansion
Besieged Byzantium 674–678 C.E., 717–718 C.E. Defense made possible through use of “Greek fire” Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Theme System Themes (provinces) under control of generals
Military administration Control from central imperial government Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land grants Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Rise of the Franks Last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic Odoacer, 476 C.E. Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lost population Germanic successor states: Visigoths Ostrogoths Lombards Franks Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Franks Heavy influence on European development, fifth to ninth centuries Conversion to Christianity gained popular support Firm alliance with western Christian church Carolingian dynasty begun by Charles Martel (“Charles the Hammer”) Defeat of Spanish Muslims at Battle of Tours (732 C.E.) Halted Islamic advance into western Europe Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Charlemagne (r. 768–814 C.E.) Grandson of Charles Martel
Centralized imperial rule Barely literate, but sponsored extensive scholarship Major military achievements Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Charlemagne’s Administration
Capital at Aachen, Germany Constant travel throughout empire Imperial officials: missi dominici (“envoys of the lord ruler”) Continued yearly circuit travel Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Charlemagne as Emperor
Had hesitated to challenge Byzantine emperors by taking title “emperor” Yet ruled in fact Crowned emperor in 800 C.E. by Pope Leo III Surprise? Challenge to Byzantium Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Carolingian Empire, 814 C.E.
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The End of the Carolingian Empire
Louis the Pious (r. 814–840 C.E.), son of Charlemagne Lost control of courts, local authorities Civil war among three sons Empire divided in 843 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Age of the Vikings External pressures on Carolingian empire
From the south: Muslims From the east: Magyars From the north: Vikings Norse expansion driven by population pressure, quest for wealth Superior seafaring technology Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Vikings From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”)
Boats with shallow drafts, capable of river travel as well as on open seas Attacked villages, cities, monasteries from ninth century Constantinople sacked three times Carolingians had no navy, dependent on local defenses Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire (843 C.E.)
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe
Byzantium—economic powerhouse Agricultural surplus Long-distance trade Western Christendom Repeated invasions contributed to agricultural decline Tenth century, increased political stability led to economic recovery Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Byzantine Peasantry Free peasantry kept Byzantium strong
Supported by the theme system Decline after eleventh century Wealthy accumulated large estates Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Byzantine Trade and Manufacturing
Trade routes brought key technologies, e.g. silk industry Advantage of location led to expansion in crafts and industry after sixth century Bezant became standard currency Tax revenues from revived Silk Roads Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Manufacturing and Trade in Western Europe
Invasions and political turmoil disrupted commercial activities Agricultural innovations Heavy plow; water mills; special horse collar Small-scale exchange; maritime trade in Mediterranean Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Norse Merchant-Mariners
Commerce or plunder as convenient Link with Islamic world for trade Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Byzantium: An Urban Society
Aristocrats: palaces Artisans: apartments Working poor: communal living spaces Attractions Baths Taverns, restaurants, theaters Hippodrome Chariot races, athletic matches, circuses Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Western Europe: A Rural Society
Agricultural surplus sufficient for local elites Not enough to sustain large urban population Towns served as economic hubs of surrounding regions Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Question of Feudalism
Concept of feudalism Lords and vassals Increasingly inadequate model for describing complex society Loosely based arrangements in absence of strong central authorities Local notables or lords took over administration from weak central government Nominal allegiances, especially to Carolingian kings Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Lords and Peasants Lords formed small private armies
Incentives: land grants, income from mills, cash Formation of hereditary class of military retainers Peasants obligated to provide labor, payments in kind to lord Unable to move from land Fees charged for marrying serfs of another lord Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Population During fifth and sixth century, population fluctuations
By eighth century, demographic recovery Political stability Productive agriculture Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Population Growth of Europe, 200–1000 C.E.
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Evolution of Christian Societies
Christianity main source of religious, moral, and cultural authority Two halves disagreed on doctrine, ritual, and church authority By mid-eleventh century, two rival communities Eastern Orthodox Roman Catholic Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Pope Gregory I (590–604 C.E.) “Gregory the Great”
Asserted papal primacy Prominent theologian Sacrament of penance Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Byzantine Church Church and state closely aligned
Byzantine emperors appointed patriarchs Treated as department of state Caesaropapism created dissent Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Iconoclasm Emperor Leo III (r. 717–741 C.E.)
Destruction of icons after 726 C.E. Popular protest, rioting Policy abandoned 843 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Asceticism Hermit-like existence Celibacy Fasting Prayer
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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St. Basil (329–379 C.E.) and St. Benedict (480–547 C.E.)
Both established consistent rule for monasteries Poverty Chastity Obedience St. Scholastica (482–543 C.E.) Sister of St. Benedict Adapted Benedictine rule for convents Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Monasticism and Society
Social welfare projects Inns, orphanages, hospitals Agents in spread of Christianity Missionaries—Christian cultural zone in western part of Eurasian continent England Northern Germany; Scandinavia Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Influence on Slavic Cultures
Saints Cyril and Methodius Missions in Bulgaria and Moravia Creation of Cyrillic alphabet Slavic lands developed orientation to Byzantium Conversion of Prince Vladimir of Kiev Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Two Halves Tensions between eastern and western Christianity
Ritual disputes Beards on clergy Leavened bread for Mass Theological disputes Iconoclasm Nature of the Trinity Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Schism Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction
Autonomy of patriarchs, or primacy of Rome? Mutual excommunication of patriarch of Constantinople and pope of Rome, 1054 C.E. East: Eastern Orthodox church West: Roman Catholic church Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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