1. Two Worlds of Christendom Chapter 16

2. I. Quest for Political Order Political challenges in the west led to invaders Byzantine Empire – Economically sound capital – Architecturally wealthy Caesorpapism -Secular lord but also played a role in church affairs Justinian & Theodora (Byzantine emperor & wife) -Hagia Sophia-important Christian architecture -Justinian’s Code  Codification of Roman Law  Influenced civil law codes of Europe, US, Japan

3. II. Muslim Conquest & Byzantine Revival Muslim Conquest -Byzantine under Muslim rule for a time - “Greek fire” helps keep Muslims away Theme System - Response to Islamic rulers - Province is under a general’s authority - Civil & military responsibility - Free peasants recruited - Received allotments for service

4. III. Rise of the Franks Germanic Kingdoms arise in Roman areas - adopted Christianity - adapt Roman Laws Franks -Military & Political Power in W. Europe - Adoption of Christianity led to popularity -Charles Martel  stops Muslim invasion  did not sack further west

5. III. Rise of the Franks Charlemagne - re-establish centralized imperial rule - Intelligent Charlemagne’s Administration - Traveled through horseback  no elaborate bureaucracy  relied on deputies - Miss dominici  envoys that reviewed accounts of local authorities

6. III. Rise of the Franks Charlemagne as Emperor - 8000ce  pope proclaims him emperor, may not have been planned

7. IV. Age of Vikings Louis the Pious - Surviving son of Charlemagne—>Lost control of local authorities  ended the empire -Louis’ sons split the empire between them  warred against each other Invasion -Magyars, Vikings (Norse people) -Attacked settlements, cities, and monasteries

8. IV. Age of Vikings Devolution of Political Authority - Since Carolingians had no real protection  regional and local protection - Made it difficult for true imperial rule

9. V. Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe Byzantine Peasantry -Sprouted from theme system  provided large agricultural surpluses Manufacturing - Supported by agriculture - Glassware, linen, woolen textiles, gems, jewelry Silk -major contribution to economy

10. V. Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe Byzantine Trade - Constantinople  clearinghouse for W. Eurasia -Traded w/Muslim counterparts -Bezant  standard currency in Mediterranean basin Heavy Plows - took more energy but provided greater agricultural production - Cleared lands for more cultivation

11. V. Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe Trade in Western Christendom - Local markets & fairs - Christian merchants Norse Merchant Mariners - Medieval Merchants  cargoes  fish, furs, wine, honey - silver used for minting coins

12. VI. Social Development of Two Worlds of Christendom Byzantium: Urban Society - most urbanized society, main area, everything in “ the city” City Life – Various forms of city centers – Women were highly protected – Artisans lived above their shops – Gov’t official lived in apartments – Poor in tenaments – EVERYONE still wanted to be a part of the CITY

13. VI. Social Development of Two Worlds of Christendom Attractions - Baths - Taverns - Restaurants - Social Gatherings Western Europe: Rural Society - agriculture enough for locals, but not enough to support larger populations

14. VI. Social Development of Two Worlds of Christendom The Question of Feudalism - a political and social order of medieval Europe? - supposed hierarchy: Lords  vassals  retainers (lands for military service)  Peasantry - more complex than what was thought Peasants - provide agriculture Population - Population decline due to economic disease and political turmoil - 36 mil. In 200ce – 26 mil. In 600ce

15. VII. Popes and Patriarchs The Papacy - Roman empire collapsed but papacy survives as spiritual authority - 1 st close ties w/Byzantine, later more independent, focus on the west Pope Gregory I - Independent course of Roman Church - Papal primacy  pope supreme authority for ALL Christians - Enhance Christianity in everyday lives.

16. VII. Popes and Patriarchs Patriarchs - part of the state - caesorpapism now creates tension Iconoclasm - Byzantine practice - the ridding of icons (sculptures, images) - created tension

17. VII. Monks & Missionaries Asceticism - holiness rather than world success - celibacy, fasting, prayer St. Basil (Byzantine) & St. Benedict (Italy) - reformers - regulations for monasteries - practice mild for of ascetism - gave up their lives, lived in smaller community

18. VII. Monks & Missionaries Monasticism & Society - Social Services  counsel, relief efforts, medical, inns, education Missionaries

19. VII. Two Churches Constantinople and Rome are at odds with each other Religious Rivalry - Ritual and Doctrinal differences Schism - Patriarch vs. Popes  battled their positions - Patriarch autonomy of Christian Jurisdiction - Pope  primal papacy - East and West go separate ways  excommunication  not properly Christian - 1054 West known as Roman Catholic Church, East known as Eastern Orthodox