System Efficiency Theory How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour? SUV weight = 2,000 KG Rolling Resistance 15 kg/ton = 30 KG Wheel Radius = 0.3 m Necessary torque - 30 x 0.3 x 9.8 = 88 Nm Distance @ 50 km/h - 50,000/60 = 833 m/min RPM @ 50 km/h - 833m/(0.6m x 3.14) = 443 RPM

System Efficiency Theory Power = Torque (Nm) x Speed (RPM) / 9550 How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour? Power = Torque (Nm) x Speed (RPM) / 9550 Power needed to operate an SUV @ 50km/hour kW = 88 x 443 / 9550 = 4.1 kW or 5.5 hp Mechanical Requirement 4.1 kW or 5.5 hp Auxiliaries and Air Resistance 1.2 kW or 1.6 hp Total Power Consumption 5.3 kW or 7.2 hp That is roughly the power of 4 coffee machines. .

System Efficiency Theory How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour? The specific fuel consumption of a motor is 0.275 liter per kW Specific means fuel in - power out, including efficiency of the motor. The fuel consumption to operate an SUV @ 50km/hour for one hour Fuel Consumption = 0.275 (liter/kW) x 5.3 kW= 1.45 liter Theoretically such a car should have a fuel consumption of: 2.9 liter/100km or 34 km/liter

Reality Check – Theory versus Fact Manufacturers’ specified Gearbox Efficiency: 95% Fuel consumption should therefore be: kWh / Efficiency x SFC for 100 km = 5.3 / 0.95 x 0.275 x 2 = 3.06 liter/100 km or 32.7 km/liter In reality fuel consumption of this SUV @ 50km/hour is about: 8.5 liter/100km or 11.1 km/liter Actual Gearbox Efficiency @ 50 km/h: (3.06 x 0.95) / 8.5 x 100 = 34%

e-Traction® System Performance TNO Road-tests e-Traction® System Performance TNO Road-tests* confirm Whisper's energy consumption liters/100 km km per liter e-Traction® System City 15.0 6.7 Highway 12.8 7.8 Classic technology 45.0 2.2 33.0 3.3 * Since March 2005 in simulated passenger service.

e-Traction® System Innovations Emission reduction: a function of reduced energy consumption, the e-Mission™ Particle Eliminator and a silent APU Pollution control Computerized Energy Mgt. Batteries APU (generator) Traction System

Annual CO2 Emission Reduction e-Traction® powered Whisper™ Bus Emissions are to a large extend a function of fuel consumption, thus Annual Fuel Savings: (annual mileage ÷ current km/l) - (annual mileage ÷ Whisper™ km/l) for example: (90,000 km ÷ 2 km/l) - (90,000 ÷ 6) = 30,000 liters per year Annual CO2 emission reduction: @ 2.648 kg per liter of diesel 79.4 metric tons per year

Particle Reduction of e-Traction® powered Bus (with 66.7% reduction in fuel-consumption and e-Mission™ Particle Eliminator*) Roof-mounted container with cyclones, muffler and electronic controls Receptacles collect carbon deposits that only need to be emptied periodically The Whisper produces only (100% - 66.7%) * 0.8 = 6.7% of the PM2.5 particles of an average Dutch city bus. * Currently in testing – already achieving a greater than 80% reduction

Ecologic & Economic Benefits rarely ever seen to go hand in hand! In conclusion; the e-Traction® System: reduces harmful air and noise pollution, 90% reduction of soot pollution and noise reduction from 78 to 62 dBa reduces the need to import energy At least 50% reduction in fuel consumption. ( 158 million liters per year) lowers the cost of mobility. Breakeven point of initial investment is 3 years.

The primary Source of Energy Conservation TheWheel™: an Electric Direct Drive Wheel-hub Traction-system The primary Source of Energy Conservation 90+% of the energy used actually reaches the contact patch with the road Tire Rim The only moving part! VDC Energy Input ∆ 90+% Energy Output @ Contact Patch

e-Traction® Direct-Drive Product Range e-Traction®SM350/1, TheWheel™ SM500/1, SM500/2 and SM700/3

e-Traction® Low Floor Rear Axle Compatible with commonly used designs 90 cm wide aisle, 50 cm above surface @ 15 cm ground clearance

Light weight composite e-Traction® Bus Fuel consumption certified by TNO

3 different groups can be identified. How decides if this revolution is going to work. Lets have a closer look at the stakeholders in the chain of those how will benefit from innovations. 3 different groups can be identified.

Group number 1 High Priority How decides if this revolution is going to work. Group number 1 High Priority A: Inhabitants of cities and bus users. B: Local Governments C: Regional Governments / Central Government Cleaner air. Less noise. Lower cost of heath care. Lower cost of transportation.

Group number 2 No high Priority How decides if this revolution is going to work. Group number 2 No high Priority A: Bus operators B: Bus builders Risk of innovation. No back up from the authorities. No incentive because rule are not necessary to fulfill. Afraid of cost increase in service and maintenance. Strong demand in reliability from authorities no guarantee that they can keep fuel reduction.

Group number 3 No Priority at all How decides if this revolution is going to work. Group number 3 No Priority at all A: Chassis manufacturing. B: Suppliers of classic technology (motor/gearboxes). C: Producer of Hardware like bolts en nuts . Risk of innovation. No connection with the authorities. Production cost will be higher. Strong demand in reliability from bus builder and operators. Do not benefit from fuel and maintenance reduction. Have to school new generation of service and maintenance personnel.

Group number 1 decides if this revolution is going to work. High Priority A: Inhabitants of cities and bus users. Clean air less noise Healthier cities B: Local / Regional Governments Lower cost of transportation C: Central Government Lower costs of healthcare Complying to Kyoto rules Complying to EU regulations