1. Why Transportation?  Problem  Climate Change, Air Quality, Peak Oil, Congestion  Revolutions  Air, Land, and Water  Systems Integration  City Planning / Carrots & Sticks  Technology  Electric / Grid Systems / Natural Gas / Biodiesel

2. Transportation Environment – Sustainability – Climate Change – Air Quality – Peak Oil Technology – Transportation Revolutions – Vehicle efficiency factors – Tesla Motors Design – 53 miles per burrito

3. Transportation Environmental – Sustainability (show) – Climate Change (know) – Air Quality (show) – Peak Oil (read + share) Technology – Transportation Revolutions (research) – Vehicle efficiency factors (teach + participate) – Tesla Motors (tour) Design – 53 miles per burrito (do)

4. Environment – Sustainability – Climate Change – Air Quality – Peak Oil

5. Sustainable transportation  Definition difficult

6. Nonsustainable Transportation  Diminishing petroleum reserves  Global atmospheric impacts  Local air quality impacts  Congestion  Noise  Level of mobility  Others  Biological impacts  Crash fatalities and injuries  Equity

7. CO2 emissions/mile/passenger  Air - 1.36 lbs of CO2e  Car/Truck - 0.971 lbs CO2e  Bus - 0.05lbs CO2e  Train - 0.130 lbs CO2e

8. 30 kg CO2 per passenger

10. Air Transportation

12. Hauling

15. Peak Oil

17. CO2 tons/person/year  U.S. – 24.3  Japan – 10.7  EU – 10.6  China – 3.9  India – 1.9  World Average – 5.6

18. Technology – Transportation Revolutions – Vehicle efficiency factors

19. Recipe for a revolution  Capital investment  Shinkansen  Government support  Cars WWII - Call to sacrifice  Technology Transfer / Creation  Mach 0.8 (609 mph)  The big “E”  Tesla Motors  Crisis  Peak Oil

20. Is it a revolution?  Scale  Speed  Efficiency  Accessibility

21. Performance Factors

22. Performance factors How will you figure out the fuel efficiency of the vehicle without driving it? What variables will go into the equation/mathematical model?  Mass  Aerodynamics  Rolling Resistance  Engine/Fuel/Components

23. Aerodynamics

24. Drag coefficient  The average modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.30 and 0.35.  Drag coefficient x Frontal area = drag area

25. Rolling Resistance (rolling friction)  5-15% of fuel used to overcome RR  Which contributes less RR?  Rubber vs Steel?  Concrete vs Sand?  Big or small wheel?  Mechanical energy transferring to? http://www.greencar.com/articles/low-rolling-resistance-tires-can-better-mpg.php

26. Rolling Resistance (rolling friction)  Factors  Deformation of surface & object (hysteresis)  Wheel radius  Surface adhesion  Relative micro-sliding

27. Rolling Resistance (rolling friction)

28. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

29. Engine/Fuel/Components  Engine Thermodynamic efficiency  What percent of fuel energy becomes kinetic?  Mechanical friction (transmission losses, etc.)  Components  Air Conditioner  Power Steering  Cooling  Electrical Systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles

30. Boeing 787  Improvements?  Aerodynamics (15,000 hrs of wind tunnel testing)  Mass (Carbon fiber)  Engine (20% less emissions)

33. Fuel Efficiency  What other factors influence?  Speed  Terrain  Others?

35. Fuel Sources  Gasoline  Diesel  Biodiesel  Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)  Electricity

36. Oil

37. Using fuel  How do we put the fuel to work?  Combustion

38. New technology

39. New Technology

40. Research  H3 vs Smartcar

41. Revolutions  Teach the basics of each one  Students then pick one and learn more about it.

42. Quick Facts  2007 – Americans purchased more than 330,000 hybrid automobiles

43. Design  Lets take a closer look at biofuels.  53 miles per burrito

44. Relation to humans and bicycles  Metabolism  Fitness level  Bike wheels  Terrain  Gearing