Chapter 16 McKay (pp )(4.18) The Dutch World Golden Age ( ) The Astronomer Jan Vermeer, 1668

Today’s Objectives Golden Age of the Dutch Homework Read Ch 16 ( )

Dutch Golden Age Union of Utrecht declares independence Phillip III recognizes United Provinces Spanish Armada New Amsterdam Founded Treaty of Westphalia ends “Eighty Years War” 1 st Anglo- Dutch War Dutch East India Company Founded Treaty of Nijmegen War of Spanish Succession Dutch decline from Power

The Netherlands -Big Ideas Defied trend of absolutism France’s Model Defied trend towards centralization of power England’s Model Experienced its Golden Age during the first half of the 1600s

The “Dutch” Century Main Characteristics Decentralized Government Unlike other Western Nations Protestant Work Ethic Religiously tolerant* Extremely Urban & bourgeoisie Diverse and Thriving economy “Golden Age” of artists and thinkers 1600s The Leiden Baker & His Wife Jan Steen

Dutch Government Loose Confederated Republic (Article of Confederationish) –7 United Provinces Each Province had: –A Stadtholder Executive responsible for defense, law & order in province Had influence but not authority When the country was threatened the status of the stadtholder went up States General –Federal Assembly of the 7 delegates (Stadholder) from Provinces –Had little power economically/politically Orange family (William) was stadholder for 6 of 7 provinces Oligarchy of regents (usually merchants & bankers) held real power over local Estates Mary Stuart (dau. Of Charles I) & William II (the Silent) -their son became William II & married Mary Stuart (Dau. Of James II)

The Dutch Federation REGENTS - provincial level - held virtually all the power - strong advocates of local independence STADHOLDER - States General representative from each province - responsible for defense and order STATES GENERAL - federal assembly - foreign affairs (war) - all issues had to be referred to the local Estates

Dutch Society (1600s) Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europe.  Even women had higher wages  Largest middle class in Europe Largest urban population per capita in Europe Best fed/ highest standard of living granaries with enough surplus for one year Over 200 breweries “Protestant work ethic”  Thrift and frugality praised  Had numerous charitable institutions  Beatings, floggings, of vagrants did occur Patrician Houses Along the Canal in Leiden

Dutch Golden Age Period of economic, cultural, artistic, intellectual achievement during 1600s Causes –Migration of skilled workers Religious persecution of Calvinists by Philip II led Durtch toward policy of religious toleration of other religions Attracted Huguenots, Jews –Inexpensive energy source Peat and windmills provided energy for industry –Technological breakthroughs Invention of Sawmill sparked massive shipbuilding industry –Trade, Business, entrepreneurship, and wealth praised Calvinism encouraged posterity Fishing for Souls, 1614, a satirical allegory of Protestant-Catholic struggles for souls during the Dutch Revolt

Religiously tolerant –Calvinism is main religion Wealthy & status almost exclusively protestant Divided over issue of predestination –Catholics had rights Could worship in conventicle (a house doubling inconspicuously as a church) Tended to live in certain section of town –Vermeer lived in “Papist Corner” –Jews welcomed Over 7 thousand in Amsterdam but tended to live in certain sections –Religious refugees welcomed 60 thousand Huguenots came after Fontainebleau Pilgrims Dutch Society Rembradt’s Master’s of the Cloth Guild Vermeer’s, The little street

Interior of a Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam – Emmanuel De Witte

Portrait of an Old Jewish Man Rembrandt, 1654

Sampling Officials of the Drapers Guild – Rembrandt

Painting Considered part of the Baroque movement –Often painted domestic scenes, still life –Safe haven & place of where life takes place –Subjects driven by wealthy bourgeosie merchant class Not Church Jan Vermeer –portrayed typical domestic scenes –Reflects wealth & global trade of Dutch Girl with the Pearl Earring –Rembrandt Portrayed Biblical scenes, portraits (over 80), self- portraits, Jewish population Paintings often show ‘the face behind the mask’ TPM Masters of the Clothe Hall –shows businessmen and judges –the men who are running the Republic (Calvinistic) –burghers – personal simplicity in the face of wealth Cultural achievements Vermeer, The Geographer The Masters of Cloth Hall

Rembrandt - Beggars Receiving Alms at the Door of a House

The Lace Maker Nicolaes Maes

The Lace Maker Jan Vermeer,

The Account Keeper Nicolaes Maes, 1656

A Woman Holding a Balance Jan Vermeer, 1662

View of Delft Jan Vermeer,

A Young Woman with a Water Jug - Jan Vermeer, 1662

Begin at 4:00 Girl with a Pearl Earring Jan Vermeer, 1665 Click

University of Gröningen, 1614 Along with Leiden, they were the first international universitiesAlong with Leiden, they were the first international universities Half of the students were foreignersHalf of the students were foreigners

Dutch Society By 1645, it (Groningen) was the largest university in the Protestant world.By 1645, it (Groningen) was the largest university in the Protestant world. separation of the strong provinces hindered the power of any church to control intellectual life in the Dutch Republic!separation of the strong provinces hindered the power of any church to control intellectual life in the Dutch Republic!

René Descartes The French philosopher lived in Leiden from 1628 to 1649.

Dutch Optics: The Telescope Most agree that the telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey in 1608.

Christiaan Huygens Used telescope to view Saturn’s rings Invented pendulum clock Theorized wave theory of light First theoretical physicist Member of French Royal Academy of Sciences until 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau

Anton van Leeuwenhoek Father of microbiology First to observe single-celled organism (bacteria) Expert at glass melting/shaping Developed technique for producing high quality lenses –Made more than 500 –Could magnify up to 500xs Shared results with Royal Society of London May be the subject of Vermeer’s The Geographer Dutch Art reflect Dutch zeitgeist –Period of both technological, scientific, and economic growth

Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp – Rembrandt, 1632

(detail) Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp – Rembrandt, 1632

The Dutch Economy Reclamation Program Thousands of workers, horses “reclaimed” land from the sea Opened thousands of acres of fertile land Capital intensive farming produced butter, cheese, & tulips Controlled most of Europe’s shipping 10 thousand ships in 1600 Carriers between France, Spain, England, and the Baltic Exported diamonds, linens, pottery 500 miles of canals Bought in bulk (undercut rivals) Principal suppliers grain & fish Dutch East India Ship, mid-17c

The Bank of Amsterdam (1609) European money was chaotic –kings, cities or private individuals minted own coins often debased with other alloys (uncertain values) Amsterdam –accepted mixed monies –accessed their value –exchanged European currency for gold florins known and unchanging weight Florins became the currency of trade Amsterdam is the financial center of Europe until 1790s The Bourse (Stock Exchange)

Dutch Economy Joint Stock Companies –Early form of corporation –Bourse in Amsterdam –Investors could buy a “share” or stock of ownership in varies companies –As company became more valuable, so did profit of investor Chartered Companies –Companies granted monopolies in certain markets –Had large fleets, soldiers, negotiated treaties, coined $ –Dutch East Indian Company (1602) 1 st Joint Stock co. Granted monopoly on trade in Asia by States-General of Union of Utrecht Shipyard of Dutch East India Co. Bourse Stock Exchange, Amsterdam

Return of the Dutch East India Fleet, 1599

Amsterdam Stock Market (Bourse) Emmanuel De Witte, 1653 Jewish refugees helped found it in 1602.

Dutch Delftware English Delftware

Rembrandt African Heads

The Geographer Jan Vermeer,

Girl Reading a Letter with the Window Open - Jan Vermeer, 1657

Abraham and Isaac - Rembrandt van Rijn 1634

Self Portrait Rembrandt 1661 Click for Clip

The Night Watch – Rembrandt, 1642

Rembrandt, Harmensz van Rijn, Beggar Woman Leaning on a Stick, 1646

Anglo Dutch Wars ( ) Series of three naval wars Tensions between Dutch and England rising over trade, fishing rights, perceived slights Navigation Acts (1651) –Seemed to be a mercantile act –Really a pretext for English pirates to take any Dutch ship they saw England demanded Dutch “Strike their colors (flags )” –Symbolizing submission or surrender Rump Parliament declared war after Dutch refused Dutch lost New Amsterdam But Dutch continued its golden age until 1713 (War of Spanish Succession New Amsterdam, 1660 Click for summary clip

William of Orange/King William III B Son of William, Prince of Orange, and Mary Stuart (daughter of Charles I) Multilingual –spoke English, French, Dutch, German, Latin and Spanish fluently Disliked pomp and circumstance, flattery –Hated Louis XIV Preferred to focus on the affairs of state 1677 married Mary Stuart –daughter of James II

War of Spanish Succession United Provinces under constant threat by Louis XIV 1667 Louis XIV invaded the Spanish Netherlands –Important buffer zone for Dutch William III creates Triple Alliance with England, Spain against France Treaty of Nimwegaen (1678) –unstable peace is made with France –Dutch provinces are preserved –1689 William III becomes king of England

War of Spanish Succession King Charles II of Spain died in 1700 Left kingdom to Philip, duc d'Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV –“The Pyrenees exist no longer” –Would greatly upset balance of power –Louis recognized James II’s son, Catholic James Stuart (the "Old Pretender"), as the rightful monarch of England and the Dutch “Grand Alliance” of 1701 GB, HRE, and UP unite to oppose Louis

The Peace of Utrecht ( ) Treaty that ends War of Spanish Succession Partitioned the world of Spain –Britain gets Gibraltar and Minorca (Balearic Is.) –Savoy gets Sardinia –Austrian Habsburgs get Milan, Naples, Sicily, and Spanish (now Austrian) Netherlands –France agreed to stop supporting “Pretenders” –Grandson of Louis XIV was crowned Philip V of Spain Spain now Bourbon Spain keeps new world territories BUT Crowns of France and Spain can never be united Absolutism comes to Spain (lasted until 1931) New World markets are available to French goods –Domination by France is prevented

Dutch flood reclaimed land to stop French invasion –“Dutch Barrier” is erected a string of forts and garrisons in Belgium are granted Cost of war, rise of English navy, decline in innovation, division of the 7 provinces, rise of mercantilism lead to Dutch decline after 1715 Never play a prominent role in European political affairs after 1715 Treaty of Utrecht