1. The Dutch World Golden Age (1580-1670)
Chapter 5
The Astronomer Jan Vermeer, 1668

2. Dutch Golden Age Treaty of Westphalia ends “Eighty Years War”
Union of Utrecht declares independence
Treaty of Westphalia ends “Eighty Years War”
Treaty of Nijmegen
Dutch East India Company Founded
Spanish Armada
War of Spanish Succession
Phillip III recognizes United Provinces
Dutch decline from Power
New Amsterdam Founded
1st Anglo-Dutch War

3. The Netherlands -Big Ideas
Defied trend of absolutism
France’s Model
Defied trend towards centralization of power
England’s Model
Experienced its Golden Age during the first half of the 1600s

4. The “Dutch” Century Decentralized Government
Main Characteristics
Decentralized Government
Unlike other Western Nations
Protestant Work Ethic
Religiously tolerant*
Extremely Urban & bourgeoisie
Diverse and Thriving economy
“Golden Age” of artists and thinkers 1600s
The Leiden Baker & His Wife Jan Steen

5. Dutch Government
Loose Confederated Republic (Article of Confederationish)
7 United Provinces
Each Province had:
A Stadtholder
Executive responsible for defense, law & order in province
Had influence but not authority
When the country was threatened the status of the stadtholder went up
States General
Federal Assembly of the 7 delegates (Stadholder) from Provinces
Had little power economically/politically
Orange family (William) was stadholder for 6 of 7 provinces
Oligarchy of regents (usually merchants & bankers) held real power over local Estates
Mary Stuart (dau. Of Charles I) & William II (the Silent)
-their son became William II & married Mary Stuart (Dau. Of James II)

6. The Dutch Federation REGENTS STADHOLDER STATES GENERAL
- provincial level
- held virtually all the power
- strong advocates of local independence
STADHOLDER
- States General representative from each province
- responsible for defense and order
STATES GENERAL
- federal assembly
- foreign affairs (war)
- all issues had to be referred to the local Estates

7. Dutch Society (1600s)
Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europe.
Even women had higher wages
Largest middle class in Europe
Largest urban population per capita in Europe
Best fed/ highest standard of living
granaries with enough surplus for one year
Over 200 breweries
“Protestant work ethic”
Thrift and frugality praised
Had numerous charitable institutions
Beatings, floggings, of vagrants did occur
Patrician Houses Along the Canal in Leiden

8. Dutch Golden Age Attracted Huguenots, Jews
Period of economic, cultural, artistic, intellectual achievement during 1600s
Causes
Migration of skilled workers
Religious persecution of Calvinists by Philip II led Durtch toward policy of religious toleration of other religions
Attracted Huguenots, Jews
Inexpensive energy source
Peat and windmills provided energy for industry
Technological breakthroughs
Invention of Sawmill sparked massive shipbuilding industry
Trade, Business, entrepreneurship, and wealth praised
Calvinism encouraged posterity
Fishing for Souls, 1614, a satirical allegory of Protestant-Catholic struggles for souls during the Dutch Revolt
Cornelis Corneliszoon van Uitgeest, or Krelis Lootjes (c c. 1600) was a Dutch windmill owner from Uitgeest who invented the wind-powered sawmill, which made the conversion of log timber into planks 30 times faster than before.[1]
Contents
 [hide] 
1 Biography
2 Other early mill patents
3 Legacy
4 References
Biography[edit]
Little is known of his early life. Cornelis Cornelisz was born in the village of Uitgeest and later married Trijn Pieters, the daughter of the flour miller who owned "De Krijger" on the Meldijk there.[1] In 1594 he built his first sawmill, a small mill which floated on a raft. In 1595 the mill was sold and moved to Alkmaar. The remains of the mill were accidentally discovered in 2004 during excavations along the Noordhollandsch Kanaal canal. His wind-powered sawmill used a crankshaft to convert a windmill's circular motion into a back-and-forward motion powering the saw. In his old age, he became a friend of the hydraulic engineer Jan Adriaanszoon Leeghwater who mentioned him as the inventor of the saag molen in his book on the Haarlemmermeer.[2] They met during his first major hydraulic project, which was to create the Beemster, a polder that was pumped dry during the period 1609 through 1612.
He was granted a patent on his crankshaft in December, 1593 and was granted an additional patent for improvements in December, 1597 that was documented in the Resolutiën van de Staten van Holland on December, 1597.[3][4] In his request, he called himself a farmer who needed to support a wife and children.[4] His sawmill "Het Juffertje" soon developed into a more advanced version, a type known today as the paltrokmolen (post mill), which played a key part in the economic success of the Dutch Republic during the Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century by enabling the mass construction of ships for overseas trade. The mill turned the Zaan district, north of Amsterdam, into the world's first industrial area.

9. Rembradt’s Master’s of the Cloth Guild
Dutch Society
Religiously tolerant
Calvinism is main religion
Wealthy & status almost exclusively protestant
Divided over issue of predestination
Catholics had rights
Could worship in conventicle (a house doubling inconspicuously as a church)
Tended to live in certain section of town
Vermeer lived in “Papist Corner”
Jews welcomed
Over 7 thousand in Amsterdam but tended to live in certain sections
Religious refugees welcomed
60 thousand Huguenots came after Fontainebleau
Pilgrims
Rembradt’s Master’s of the Cloth Guild
Vermeer’s, The little street

10. Cultural achievements The Masters of Cloth Hall
Painting
Considered part of the Baroque movement
Often painted domestic scenes, still life
Safe haven & place of where life takes place
Subjects driven by wealthy bourgeosie merchant class
Not Church
Jan Vermeer
portrayed typical domestic scenes
Reflects wealth & global trade of Dutch
Girl with the Pearl Earring
Rembrandt
Portrayed Biblical scenes, portraits (over 80), self-portraits, Jewish population
Paintings often show ‘the face behind the mask’ TPM
Masters of the Clothe Hall
shows businessmen and judges
the men who are running the Republic (Calvinistic)
burghers – personal simplicity in the face of wealth
Vermeer, The Geographer
The Masters of Cloth Hall

11. Rembrandt - Beggars Receiving Alms at the Door of a House
Alms – money or food given to poor people

12. Dutch
Intellectual
Life

13. University of Gröningen, 1614
Along with Leiden, they were the first international universities
Half of the students were foreigners

14. Dutch Society
By 1645, it (Groningen) was the largest university in the Protestant world.
separation of the strong provinces hindered the power of any church to control intellectual life in the Dutch Republic!

15. The French philosopher lived in Leiden from 1628 to 1649.
René Descartes
The French philosopher lived in Leiden from 1628 to 1649.

16. Dutch Optics: The Telescope
Most agree that the telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey in 1608.

17. Christiaan Huygens Used telescope to view Saturn’s rings
Invented pendulum clock
Theorized wave theory of light
First theoretical physicist
Member of French Royal Academy of Sciences until 1685
Edict of Fontainebleau

18. Anton van Leeuwenhoek Father of microbiology
First to observe single-celled organism (bacteria)
Expert at glass melting/shaping
Developed technique for producing high quality lenses
Made more than 500
Could magnify up to 500xs
Shared results with Royal Society of London
May be the subject of Vermeer’s The Geographer
Dutch Art reflect the Dutch spirit at the time
Period of both technological, scientific, and economic growth

19. Dutch East India Ship, mid-17c
The Dutch Economy
Reclamation Program
Thousands of workers, horses “reclaimed” land from the sea
Opened thousands of acres of fertile land
Capital intensive farming produced butter, cheese, & tulips
Controlled most of Europe’s shipping
10 thousand ships in 1600
Carriers between France, Spain, England, and the Baltic
Exported diamonds, linens, pottery
500 miles of canals
Bought in bulk (undercut rivals)
Principal suppliers grain & fish
Dutch East India Ship, mid-17c

20. The Bank of Amsterdam (1609)
European money was chaotic
kings, cities or private individuals minted own coins
often debased with other alloys (uncertain values)
Amsterdam
accepted mixed monies
accessed their value
exchanged European currency for gold florins
known and unchanging weight
Florins became the currency of trade
Amsterdam is the financial center of Europe until 1790s
The Bourse (Stock Exchange)

21. Dutch Economy Joint Stock Companies Early form of corporation
Bourse in Amsterdam
Investors could buy a “share” or stock of ownership in varies companies
As company became more valuable, so did profit of investor
Chartered Companies
Companies granted monopolies in certain markets
Had large fleets, soldiers, negotiated treaties, coined $
Dutch East Indian Company (1602)
1st Joint Stock co.
Granted monopoly on trade in Asia by States-General of Union of Utrecht
Bourse Stock Exchange, Amsterdam
Shipyard of Dutch East India Co.

23. Dutch Delftware
English Delftware

24. Rembrandt
African Heads

25. Self Portrait Rembrandt 1661
Click for Clip

26. Anglo Dutch Wars (1652-1674) Series of three naval wars
Tensions between Dutch and England rising over trade, fishing rights, perceived slights
Navigation Acts (1651)
Seemed to be a mercantile act
Really a pretext for English pirates to take any Dutch ship they saw
England demanded Dutch “Strike their colors (flags )”
Symbolizing submission or surrender
Rump Parliament declared war after Dutch refused
Dutch lost New Amsterdam
But Dutch continued its golden age until 1713 (War of Spanish Succession
Click for summary clip
New Amsterdam, 1660

27. William of Orange/King William III
B. 1650
Son of William, Prince of Orange, and Mary Stuart (daughter of Charles I)
Multilingual
spoke English, French, Dutch, German, Latin and Spanish fluently
Disliked pomp and circumstance, flattery
Hated Louis XIV
Preferred to focus on the affairs of state
1677 married Mary Stuart
daughter of James II

28. War of Spanish Succession
United Provinces under constant threat by Louis XIV
1667 Louis XIV invaded the Spanish Netherlands
Important buffer zone for Dutch
William III creates Triple Alliance with England, Spain against France
Treaty of Nimwegaen (1678)
unstable peace is made with France
Dutch provinces are preserved
1689 William III becomes king of England

29. War of Spanish Succession
King Charles II of Spain died in 1700 Left kingdom to Philip, duc d'Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV
“The Pyrenees exist no longer”
Would greatly upset balance of power
Louis recognized James II’s son, Catholic James Stuart (the "Old Pretender"), as the rightful monarch of England and the Dutch
“Grand Alliance” of 1701
GB, HRE, and UP unite to oppose Louis

30. The Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714)
Treaty that ends War of Spanish Succession
Partitioned the world of Spain
Britain gets Gibraltar and Minorca (Balearic Is.)
Savoy gets Sardinia
Austrian Habsburgs get Milan, Naples, Sicily, and Spanish (now Austrian) Netherlands
France agreed to stop supporting “Pretenders”
Grandson of Louis XIV was crowned Philip V of Spain
Spain now Bourbon Spain
keeps new world territories
BUT Crowns of France and Spain can never be united
Absolutism comes to Spain (lasted until 1931)
New World markets are available to French goods
Domination by France is prevented

31. Treaty of Utrecht
Dutch flood reclaimed land to stop French invasion
“Dutch Barrier” is erected
a string of forts and garrisons in Belgium are granted
Cost of war, rise of English navy, decline in innovation, division of the 7 provinces, rise of mercantilism lead to Dutch decline after 1715
Never play a prominent role in European political affairs after 1715