© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Instructor name Class Title, Term/Semester, Year Institution Intelligence Introductory Psychology Concepts

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 2 Intelligence: The ability to acquire knowledge, think logically, and to use resources effectively. The skills required to adapt successfully to environmental demands may differ from culture to culture, suggesting to some theorists that what constitutes intelligence may be somewhat culture- specific.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 3 Theories of Intelligence g-factor The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence. Fluid Intelligence Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory. Crystallized Intelligence The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied in problem-solving situations.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 4 Spearman: g-factor The psychometric argument for intelligence as a general ability was first advanced by the British psychologist Charles Spearman (1923). + He observed that school grades in different subjects, such as English and mathematics, were almost always positively correlated but not perfectly + He concluded that intellectual performance is determined partly by a g-factor (general intelligence), and partly by whatever special abilities might be required to perform a particular task.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 5 Gardner: Eight types of intelligence Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner (2003) believes that intelligence may be more broadly conceived as relatively independent intelligences that relate to different adaptive demands.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 6 Gardner: Eight types of intelligence In Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, he currently defines eight distinct varieties of adaptive abilities (Gardner, 2000) 1. Linguistic intelligence: the ability to use language well, as writers do. 2. Logical-mathematical intelligence: the ability to reason mathematically and logically. 3. Visuospatial intelligence: the ability to solve spatial problems or to succeed in a field such as architecture. 4. Musical intelligence: the ability to perceive pitch and rhythm and to understand and produce music.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 7 Gardner: Eight types of intelligence 5. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: the ability to control body movements and skillfully manipulate objects, as demonstrated by a highly skilled dancer, athlete, or surgeon. 6. Interpersonal intelligence: the ability to understand and relate well to others. 7. Intrapersonal intelligence: the ability to understand oneself. 8. Naturalistic intelligence: the ability to detect and understand phenomena in the natural world, as a zoologist or meteorologist might.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 8 Sternberg: Three types of intelligence Robert Sternberg (1988, 2004) is a leading proponent of the cognitive processes approach to intelligence. Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence addresses both the psychological processes involved in intelligent behavior and the diverse forms that intelligence can take.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 9 Sternberg: Three types of intelligence Sternberg’s theory divides the cognitive processes that underlie intelligent behavior into three specific components. Types of Intellectual Competence Underlying Cognitive Processes Analytical Intelligence Practical Intelligence Creative Intelligence MetacomponentsPerformance components Knowledge- acquisition components Encode & store information Execute strategies specified by metacomponents Plan and regulate task behavior

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 10 Emotional Intelligence Branch 1Branch 2 Branch 3Branch 4 Perceiving emotions Using emotions to facilitate thought Understanding emotions Managing emotions EI Involves the ability to read others’ emotions accurately, to respond to them appropriately, to motivate oneself, to be aware of one’s own emotions, and to regulate and control one’s own emotional responses (Mayer et al., 2004).

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 11 Mental Retardation Approximately 3 to 5 percent of the U.S. population, or about 10 million people, are classified as mentally retarded, or cognitively disabled. Category Mild: Moderate Severe Profound Percentage of Retarded Population IQ

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 12 Giftedness At the top end of the intelligence bell curve are the intellectually gifted, whose IQs of 130 or higher place them in the top 1 percent of the population. + Many are enormously talented in one area of mental competence but quite average in other domains. + Large discrepancies are often found between verbal and spatial-mathematical skills (Achter et al., 1996).

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Intelligence 13 Artificial Intelligence: the attempt to create machines that think like humans.