1. Slide 1 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 8 A Topical Approach to John W. Santrock Intelligence

2. Slide 2 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Is Intelligence? Difficult to define because it is a complex concept that includes many different aspects Common definitions: –Thinking skills –Ability to adapt to and learn from everyday experiences The Concept of Intelligence

3. Slide 3 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Binet Tests Mental age (MA)—individual’s level of mental development relative to others Intelligence quotient (IQ)—person’s mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 –Normal distribution—symmetrical distribution of scores around a mean The Concept of Intelligence

4. Slide 4 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scales The Concept of Intelligence

5. Slide 5 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Common IQ Tests The Stanford-Binet –Overall IQ, plus verbal comprehension, nonverbal reasoning and memory factors –One version for all ages The Wechsler Scales –Overall IQ, verbal IQ, performance IQ –Three versions for different age groups The Concept of Intelligence

6. Slide 6 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Use and Misuse of Intelligence Tests Intelligence tests are: –substantially correlated with school performance –moderately correlated with work performance IQ tests can easily lead to false expectations about individual Other factors also affect success The Concept of Intelligence

7. Slide 7 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Factor Approaches to Intelligence Multiple-factor theory Two-factor theory Thurstone’s theory that intelligence consists of seven primary mental abilities: verbal comprehension, number ability, word fluency, spatial visualization, associative memory, reasoning, perceptual speed Spearman’s theory that individuals have both general intelligence, g, and specific intelligences, s, The Concept of Intelligence

8. Slide 8 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Verbal Mathematical Spatial Bodily-Kinesthetic Musical Skills Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist The Concept of Intelligence

9. Slide 9 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Three main types of intelligence –Analytical (problem-solving) –Creative (unique, insightful) –Practical (social skills, street smarts) The Concept of Intelligence

10. Slide 10 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Triarchic Theory in the Classroom Analytic ability favored in conventional schools Creative students may be reprimanded or marked down for nonconformist answers Practical students may do better outside school The Concept of Intelligence

11. Slide 11 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional Intelligence Perceive and express emotions accurately and adaptively Understand emotion and emotional knowledge Use feelings to facilitate thought Manage emotions in oneself and others The Concept of Intelligence

12. Slide 12 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Influence of Heredity and Environment Genetic Influences –Heritability—fraction of variance in IQ in a population that is attributed to genetics Environmental Influences –Modifications in environment can change IQ scores considerably Parent communication Schooling The Concept of Intelligence

13. Slide 13 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Intelligence Correlations of Twins

14. Slide 14 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Flynn Effect: Increase in IQ from 1932 to 1997

15. Slide 15 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Culture and Intelligence Cross-cultural comparisons problematic –Different cultures define intelligence differently Cultural bias in testing –Culture-fair tests contain items that all individuals have an equal chance of doing well on The Concept of Intelligence

16. Slide 16 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnicity and Intelligence Comparisons As a group, African Americans students average lower intelligence test scores than White students –Individual scores vary considerably Socioeconomic status may have more effect than ethnicity Stereotype threat - fear of confirming negative stereotypes can raise anxiety during testing

17. Slide 17 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Aspects of Intelligence (John Horn) Crystallized intelligence –Accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase with age Fluid intelligence –Ability to reason abstractly, which steadily declines from middle adulthood on The Development of Intelligence

18. Slide 18 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence and Age The Development of Intelligence

19. Slide 19 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Seattle Longitudinal Study Since 1956, studied: –Vocabulary –Verbal memory –Number computations –Spatial orientation –Inductive reasoning –Perceptual speed The Development of Intelligence

20. Slide 20 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Longitudinal Changes in Six Intellectual Abilities The Development of Intelligence

21. Slide 21 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Comparisons of Intellectual Change The Development of Intelligence

22. Slide 22 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Wisdom Expert knowledge about practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters –High levels of wisdom are rare –Emerges late adolescence and early adulthood –Factors other than age are critical –Personality-related factors better predictors of wisdom The Development of Intelligence

23. Slide 23 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mental Retardation Condition of limited mental ability –Low IQ on traditional test of intelligence –Difficulty adapting to everyday life. –Onset of characteristics by age 18 The Extremes of Intelligence and Creativity

24. Slide 24 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Giftedness Above-average intelligence (IQ of 130 or higher) or superior talent for something –Precocity –March to their own drummer –Passion to master –Greater maturity and fewer emotional problems The Extremes of Intelligence and Creativity

25. Slide 25 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Creative Thinking Ability to think in novel and unusual ways Come up with unique solutions to problems The Extremes of Intelligence and Creativity

26. Slide 26 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Characteristics of Creative Thinkers Flexibility and playful thinking Inner motivation Willingness to risk Objective evaluation of work The Extremes of Intelligence and Creativity

27. Slide 27 © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changes in Creativity During Adulthood Individuals’ most creative products were generated in their thirties 80% of most important creative contributions completed by age 50 Researchers found creativity often peaks in forties before declining The Extremes of Intelligence and Creativity