Bell Quiz (pgs. 710 – 716) 1) What was the purpose of the Freedom Riders? 2) How did the violence against Freedom Riders affect President Kennedy? 3) Why did James Meredith get escorted by federal marshals into Ole Miss University? 4) What was the purpose of the March on Washington D.C.? 5) What was the goal of the Freedom Summer project?

Answers 1) Protest segregated seating on interstate buses and segregated facilities in bus terminals. Also, wanted to provoke a violent reaction that would force the federal government to enforce desegregation. 2) Kennedy sent 400 U.S. marshals to protect the riders. Also, banned segregation on interstate busses and its facilities. 3) Governor Ross Barnett refused to obey a court order allowing Meredith to register at the university. 4) To persuade Congress to pass Kennedy’s civil rights bill (Civil Rights Bill of 1964). 5) To influence Congress to pass voting rights acts and register as many African American voters as possible.

Review

Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 O Homer Plessy, a Creole with just 1/8 African- American blood, was arrested for sitting in the “white only” section of a railroad car. O The fine was just $25, but Plessy refused to pay and eventually decided to challenge the state law. O The Supreme Court ruled 8-1 against Plessy, stating that the law did not violate the 14 th amendment guaranteeing all Americans equal treatment under the law. O Therefore, “Separate, but equal” was legal!!!! Segregation will be legal for the next 58 years!

Brown vs. Board of Education, 1954 O The Supreme Court overturned the “Separate, but equal” ruling and ruled that segregation was unconstitutional. O Schools must desegregate. O The Supreme Court ruling laid the foundation for ALL facilities to be desegregated (Precedence).

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. O Name of Movement: “Soul Force” O Method: Non-violence (Sit-ins, boycotts, marches, demonstrations, speeches, etc.). O Learned his tactics from: Jesus, Ghandi, and Henry David Thoreau. O Organization: SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference).

Other Non-Violent Civil Rights Organizations  Organizations geared towards younger blacks that focused on sit-ins and voter registration drives. O SNCC: (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) O Core: (Congress of Racial Equality) Open to whites and blacks.

Other Non-Violent Civil Rights Organizations O NAACP: (The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). O Fought for equality by using the court system (Example: Brown vs. Board of Education, 1954).

Review it O Answer these questions on your Bell Quiz paper: 1. What nickname did Dr. King give his civil rights movement? 2. What method of protest did Dr. King teach? 3. Name Dr. King’s civil rights organization. 4. Name 3 people that Dr. King patterned his civil rights movement after. 5. What was the three word ruling of the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson court ruling? 6. What was the ruling in the court case Brown vs. Board of Education?

Review It Answers 1. Soul Force 2. Non-Violent 3. SCLC 4. Jesus, Ghandi, Thoreau 5. Separate, but equal. 6. Segregation was illegal and schools must desegregate.

Freedom Riders O Civil rights activists volunteered to ride interstate buses into the South and challenge segregation. O Sponsored by CORE and SNCC O The first Freedom Ride left Washington D.C. on May 4, O Arrested in Mississippi for trespassing, unlawful assembly, and violating state and local Jim Crow laws.

Violence against Freedom Riders O Anniston, Alabama 200 angry whites attacked and firebombed a freedom rider bus. O The Riders were beaten as they fled the burning bus. O Other Freedom Riders were beaten by KKK members in Birmingham under the orders of Police Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor.

SNCC takes over the freedom rides O May 17 th 1961 a new set of riders took a bus to Birmingham where they were beaten and arrested. O Reports of the bus burning and beatings reached U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy. O May 20 th the riders set out for Montgomery again with same result.

Outcome O Newspapers throughout the nation reported the violence. O President Kennedy sent 400 U.S. marshals to protect the riders on the rest of the trip. O The attorney general and the Interstate Commerce Commission banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities.

James Meredith: Ole Miss Univ. O In 1962, Meredith won a court case allowing him to enroll at Ole Miss University. O Governor Ross Barnett refused to allow Meredith to enroll. O President Kennedy ordered federal marshals to escort Meredith onto campus; resulting in a campus wide riot. O The riots resulted in two deaths, 200 arrests and took federal troops 15 hours to regain control. ch?v=0ZFcr6zJzXc (Next Slide 50 min) ch?v=0ZFcr6zJzXc

Video Assignment O Reaction Paper: Minimum 15 lines O What is your reaction to the Ole Miss video? O You may also include your reaction to what you have seen in the previous video segments we have show you in class (Emmett Till, Central High School, and Sit- Ins). O Due at the end of class.

Ole Miss University

Freedom Summer O A campaign to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi. O In 1962 only 6% of African-Americans were registered to vote in Mississippi. O Organized by the NAACP, CORE, the SCLC and SNCC O The goal was to register black voters and influence Congress to pass voting rights acts. O June, three civil rights workers were abducted, tortured and killed by Klansmen and local police from Philadelphia, Mississippi.

March on Washington D.C. O August 28, 1963 O CORE, SNCC, the SCLC, and the NAACP organized the march on D.C. to persuade Congress to pass President Kennedy’s civil rights bill. O Approximately 250,000 people took part in the march. O Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. O Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed shortly after the march.

“I Have a Dream Speech” ls/MLKDream (Audio Only)

The Selma Campaign O 1965, the SCLC conducted a major voting rights campaign in Selma, AL O 2,000 African Americans were arrested in demonstrations and one person was killed. O MLK organized a protest march from Selma to Montgomery. O Police beat and used tear gas on the demonstrators. O President Johnson asked Congress to pass new voting rights acts swiftly. O Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of O