Exploration of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Bell Ringer Think creatively outside the box by deciding if it is possible to have only 1 cell and still be considered alive? 2

Yes, it is possible! Single-celled organisms are classified as prokaryotes. Multicellular organisms are classified as eukaryotes. 3

Cell Theory as Applied to ALL Cells Make up all living things Provide form and function Copied or divided from other cells Have some kind of DNA inherited through division Same chemical composition Involved in the flow of energy 4

Types of Cells. A Cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things. All living things have one major thing in common: They are all made of cells! There are two types of cells: – Prokaryotic: cells with no membranes. – Eukaryotic: cells with membranes. ~ Which image is a Eukaryotic Cell and how can you tell?

Unicellular & Multicellular. There are also two other types of cells: – Unicellular: made up of one cell. – Multicellular: made up of many cells. Amoeba Unicellular People Multicellular

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Prokaryotic Cells Nuclear Body: no nuclear membrane, circular chromosome (DNA), has nuclear body Division: process called binary fission Movement: using flagella, whip-like structure that moves the cell Real-life Examples: Bacteria 8

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The Animal Cell. THE NUCLEUS: The nucleus generally contains the genetic material for the cell. Because it contains the DNA and chromosomes, which affect the proteins that determine the activities of the cell, the nucleus can be considered to be the cell's control center. CELL MEMBRANE: The cell membrane encloses the cell contents. Its main function is to control what gets into and out of the cell. RIBOSOMES: Ribosomes are where protein synthesis takes place. Some are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and some are free in the cytoplasm.

The Animal Cell. GOLGI APPARATUS: Membrane-bound sacs of enzymes. In a controlled and specific way, they breakdown old or unneeded parts of the cell into small organic molecules that can be reused. LYSOSOME: Composed of small membranous sacs, and is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Though its function is still not entirely understood, it seems that proteins from the ER travel to the Golgi apparatus, where they are transformed and packaged into sacs before being moved to their final destination. MITOCHONDRIA: Large organelles where oxygen is combined with food to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy source for the cell. Mitochondria contain their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes, and can reproduce themselves independently of the cell in which they are found.

Eukaryotic Cells Nuclear Body: nucleus that contains DNA, organelles with specific functions Division: Mitosis (regular cells) and Meiosis (sex cell division-fertilization) Movement: can have cilia or flagella Real-life applications:Animals, Plants, Algae, Protists, and Fungi 12

Animal Cell Vs. Plant Cell. Animal Cell Plant Cell Animal Cells are found in animals or human beings. Do not have chloroplasts or a cell wall. They have smaller vacuoles. Plant Cells are only found in plants. Have chloroplasts, and a cell wall. They have a large central vacuole enclosed by a membrane. However, they both still have a: Nucleus, Ribosomes, Golgi Bodies, Mitochondria, Vacuoles, and an E.R.

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Bacteria Analysis of Chapter 9 Section 4 What do bacteria need to survive? Under what conditions do bacteria thrive & reproduce? What positive roles do bacteria play in people’s lives? 15

Reproduction of Bacteria Ideal temperature & food supply reproduction rate can happen as quick as 1 every 20 sec. Asexual reproduction = binary fission (one cell makes a copy of itself) May sexually reproduce through conjugation or sharing of genetic information 16

What do bacteria need to survive? The basic needs are the same for bacteria Obtaining food a. autotrophs via light or chemicals b. heterotrops (consume other organisms or what they make i.e. milk, wheat) Respiration of oxygen either to breathe or break down the food they eat 12/23/201517

Positive Impact of Bacteria Oxygen production Food production (cheese or milk products) Environmental recycling (decomposers) Environmental clean up (oil spills) Health & medicine (insulin for diabetics) 18

Viruses Analysis of Chapter 9 Section 3 How do viruses mimic organisms? How viruses multiply? Viral disease treatments 19

“Great Deceivers” Viruses ARE NOT living things They multiply or continue their kind by “tricking” cells to reproduce the virus with the injection of viral DNA. Host= organism infected / Parasite= Virus 20

Viral Treatments Viruses most commonly cause disease Range from mild as a cold to severe as AIDS Spread from physical, oral, or nasal contact Treatments: resting, drinking fluids, eating healthy Prevention: vaccines, improving diets, staying clean 21

Composite Animal Cell