W HAT IS G OING O N I N T HE W ORLD ?!

T RUE OR F ALSE ?

A LBANIA IS E UROPEAN COUNTRY WITH THE MOST M USLIMS

T HE TWO BRANCHES OF I SLAM = S UFISM & S HI ' AS

T ERRORISM & UNJUSTIFIED KILLING OF INNOCENTS IS FORBIDDEN

T HERE ARE 7 PILLARS OF ISLAM

J ESUS WAS THE PROPHET OF I SLAM

I F ALL Q UR ’ ANS OF THE WORLD WERE BURNED, THE ORIGINAL A RABIC WOULD REMAIN

G UN P OWDER E MPIRES E XPAND

of the great empires of history emerged Why haven’t we heard of them?? As these powerful societies expanded, what do you think happened? Should they impose Islam on who they conquer?

T HE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

R EGION Turks in Anatolia saw themselves as warriors for Islam (ghazis) Think back - After the Roman empire fell, what empire arose here? Byzantine Empire What do you think happened? The Turks took over the Ottoman Empire What country do you think this is today? TURKEY

R ULERS 1. Osman – “Othman” Founder Followers were called “Ottomans” 2. Mehmed II Became “ sultan ” – one with power Used cannons and GUNPOWDER to conquer Constantinople 3. Suleyman the Lawgiver/Magnificent Ottoman Empire reached its peak Supported government reform

RELIGION What religion did they follow in society and government? Islam! Ottomans granted freedom of worship to other religions (Christians, Jews) Allowed them to follow their own laws and pratices

LAW What did Suleyman give? “The Lawgiver” Created a law code to handle both criminal and civil actions He also organized and simplified government, armies, and taxes. Found in the U.S. Congress

ARTS Suleyman contributed to many cultural achievements Interested in poetry, history, mathematics, geography, etc. Had the Mosque of Suleyman built Art and literature flourished under his rule

T HE SAFAVID EMPIRE

G EOGRAPHY / BACKGROUND Gunpowder Empire that ruled Persia between 16 th -18 th centuries Nestled in between the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) & Mughal Empire (India) How do you think its central location promote its development? Fueled by conquest & cultural diffusion Present Day Iran

R ULERS 1. Isma’il 12 yr old who seized most of Iran Shah - Persian title king Battle of Chaldiron Shi’ism-official religion 2. Shah Abbas or Abbas the Great Created Golden Age that drew from Persian, Ottoman, & Arab cultures Created new capital Esfahan—considered most beautiful in the world

RELIGION Shi’a Islam—official under Isma’il Not tolerant of other religions Shah Abbas  Tolerant Needed to encourage other cultures to trade

LAW Shah Abbas Reformed government & military Punished severely Hired foreigners to fill positions in government

ARTS City of Esfahan Showcase for foreign & Safavid artisans Chinese & Persian collaboration Carpet Persian themes Italian Renaissance

T HE MUGHAL EMPIRE

G EOGRAPHY /B ACKGROUND Located in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh 700s: small kingdoms created by Muslim tribes Descendants of Muslim Turks and Afghans Leader was related to Timur the Lame and Genghis Khan Called themselves the Mughals, which means Mongols

F AMOUS R ULERS Babur – 1494 Inherited kingdom in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan at age 11 Built an army, invaded India, and founded the Mughal Empire Akbar (Greatest One) – 1556 Babur’s grandson Unified north India - cannons Golden Age Religious tolerance  cultural blending Abolished religious taxes Efficient bureaucracy and fair taxes Land reforms

OTHER F AMOUS R ULERS Shah Jahan Built Taj Mahal as tomb for wife Massive taxes led to suffering Civil war after death Aurangzeb Enforced strict Islamic law and ended tolerance Conflict among religious groups Famine and taxes Turned over Bombay to English in 1661

R ELIGION Traditionally Hindu Mughal rulers were Islam Akbar practiced religious tolerance Married Hindu princesses and allowed them to practice their religion in the palace Allowed people of different religions to work in government positions Urdu a new language developed because of the mixture of Arabic, Persian, and Hindi Mixed religions today

L AW Akbar’s policies Bureaucracy of officials Officials from different ethnic/religious backgrounds Tax policy = graduated income tax Fair policy Percentage of peasants’ crops Land policy Bureaucrats received land grants that he took back after they died Problem: officials were not devoted to caring for the land

A RT Illustrations – highly detailed, colorful miniatures in books (Safavid influence) Literature – flourished in the form of poetry and epics (revived early works) Architecture – Akbar period combined massive structures w/ intricate Hindu-themed stonework Cultural blending seen in architecture (i.e. Taj Mahal)