Cell Respiration: Stage 1: Food Breakdown Before food can be processed into ATP, large polymeric molecules must be broken down into their basic units. For example, proteins must be broken down into amino acids and polysaccharides must be broken down into glucose. This step is known as digestion. Most of digestion takes place in the digestive tract of animals and food is broken down by secreted enzymes.  Even after all of the molecules have been broken down into their basic units, most of the non-glucose molecules are subsequently converted into glycose so that they can be processed during glycolysis. The following table lists the food molecules and there basic unit. Complex Food Molecule Basic Units Proteins Amino Acids Polysaccharides Simple Sugars (e.g. glucose) Fats (Lipids) Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Cell Respiration Process that releases energy (chemical) by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen Occurs in both plants and animals and fungi There are 2 types Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration - With OXYGEN - Without OXYGEN

The whole process is divided into 2 parts: Anaerobic No Oxygen Occurs in cytoplasm Glycolysis is an anaerobic process Glucose is broken into pyruvic acid and ATP Aerobic Oxygen Occurs in mitochondria Divided into 2 stages: Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle) Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis Remember…”-lysis” means “to break” Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of PYRUVATE Glycolysis is anaerobic Pyruvate can then be used for cellular respiration Location: cytoplasm Occurs before cellular respiration can happen

Glycolysis Once glucose is imported into the cell: Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate Produces 4 ATP per glucose 2 ATP molecules are “used” up leaving us with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules produced for the cell to use for energy. Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and provides the materials needed for the Kreb’s cycle http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapte r25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.html

Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis Glucose Cytoplasm Mitochondrion

Aerobic Respiration Requires Oxygen More effective than anaerobic (without oxygen), make MUCH MORE ATP Location: Mitochondria

Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP KNOW THE FORMULA!!! C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP GLUCOSE (FOOD) OXYGEN WATER CARBON DIOXIDE Steps of the Process Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Kreb’s Cycle (citric acid cycle) Breaks pyruvate down into CO2 Occurs in the mitochondria Produces 2 ATP per glucose Produces NADH & FADH2 FADH2 and NADH provide power for the ETC FADH2 and NADH are carrying chemical energy The carbon dioxide produced here diffuses out of the mitochondria, out of the cell and into the bloodstream where it is carried to the lungs and diffuses into the air that we exhale.

http://highered. mcgraw-hill http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_1_.html

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Occurs in the lining of the mitochondrial membrane FADH2 and NADH pass some of their electrons onto the ETC ETC is like a game of hot potato, where electrons from FADH2 and NADH are the potato, and proteins in the mitochondria are the people passing the potato. OXYGEN IS REQUIRED. The flow of electrons down the chain powers a special protein, called “ATP synthase,” which synthesizes (makes) ATP Produces 32 ATP per glucose! Total ATP production per glucose during aerobic respiration = 36 ATP

ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__electron_transport_system_and_atp_synthesis__quiz_1_.html Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production

Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation Sometimes a cell can’t get the oxygen that it needs to carry out aerobic respiration. It carries out fermentation to make energy instead (ATP) Less EFFECTIVE, doesn’t make as much ATP Location: Cytoplasm

Fermentation Isn’t a “clean burn” so nasty, or intoxicating, waste products are left behind There are 2 types Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Produces ethanol (alcohol) as a waste product Used for producing beer, wine, and rising bread Produces lactic acid as a waste product -Is part of the burn you feel in your muscles when you exercise.

Lactic Acid Fermentation Notice that a total of 2 ATP molecules are made for each molecule of glucose during glycolysis Notice that NAD+ is “regenerated” to be used in glycolysis This is a low energy yield process (only 2 ATP’s) but this can be enough to sustain our cells when we can’t get enough oxygen

Alcoholic Fermentation alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. Because yeasts perform this process in the absence of oxygen, ethanol fermentation is classified as anaerobic. Ethanol fermentation occurs in the production of alcoholic beverages and ethanol fuel, and in the rising of bread dough. C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (ethanol) *** 2 ATP molecules are made. NAD+ is reused in Glycolysi

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Prokaryotic: Remember has no nucleus or no membranes around their organelles. So where does Aerobic Respiration occur here? Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Glycolysis: Cytoplasm Glycolysis: Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle: Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle: Mitochondria ETC: Cell Membrane ETC: Mitochondrial Membrane Fermentation: cytoplasm Ferm: Cytoplasm Prokaryotic cells can yield a maximum of 38 ATP molecules while eukaryotic cells can yield a maximum of 36. In eukaryotic cells, the NADH molecules produced in glycolysis pass through the mitochondrial membrane, which "costs" two ATP molecules http://biology.about.com/library/quiz/blcellresquiz.htm

Chemical formulas for Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration Photosysthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cell Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

Products of Photosynthesis O2 + C6H12O6 (Reactants of photosynthesis CO2 + H2O + ATP) Reactants of Respirations (products of respiration

Photosynthesis Light To Make Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it as sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis.

Why does Chlorophyll have a green color? Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light. However, it can not absorb the green wavelengths of light very well. As a result, it reflects the green wavelengths, which when they hit our eyes, we perceive as the color green.

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis Step 1: Absorb light and break down H 2O into H+, H+, and O. a.The remaining O’s from the water join together to form O2 Step 2: Light Energy converted to ATP (Light reaction) a. Occurs in the thylakoid membranes o f the chloroplasts Step 3: Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle) a. Occurs in the Stroma of the chloroplasts The reactions of photosynthesis can be categorized as light- dependent reactions and dark reactions.

light dependent reactions The light dependent reaction happens when solar energy is captured to make a molecule called ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate). 2. light independent or dark reactions. The dark reaction happens when the ATP is used to make glucose (the Calvin Cycle).

Light Reactions: Making ATP and NADPH light dependent reactions The light dependent reaction happens when solar energy is captured to make a molecule called ATP (adenosine tri- phosphate). Thylakoid Membrane: Electron Transport Chain Light causes the movement of hydrogen ions through the protein (enzyme) provides energy to make ATP (photosystem 2: blue ) Also provides energy to make NADPH (electron acceptor) (photosystem 1 ) Red Oxygen is given off

Dark Reactions: Calvin Cycle light independent or dark reactions. The dark reaction happens when the ATP and CO2 is used to make glucose (the Calvin Cycle). 6 CO2 are added to a five Carbon Compound sugar P-C-C-C-C-C-P + CO2 ATP ADP, NADPH NADP+ These break down into Six 3 carbon sugars (6) P-C-C-C One 3 carbon sugar is used to make Starch or Sucrose The other 5 3carbon sugars are used to regenerate the initial 5carbon compound

http://www.dnatube.com/video/2899/Photosynthesis-101-presented-by-Dr-Undergrad

What affects Photosynthesis? Amount of Light - Rate of photosynthesis increases with more light - one saturation is reached it will level off: Pigments cannot absorb any more light. Amount of CO2 - Rate of photosynthesis increases with more CO2 - Saturation level reached cannot rate will level off Temperature - Decreased temps will decrease rate - WHY? Enzyme activity

Function Location Reactants Products Equation Photosynthesis Energy capture Chloroplast CO2 and H2O C6H12O6 and O2 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular Respiration Energy release Mitochondria C6H12O6 and O2 CO2 and H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6 H2O Function Location Reactants Products Equation