1. November 5, 2015
Bell Work:
What happens during the first stage of photosynthesis?
Objective:
The student will be able to…
Describe the process of cellular respiration in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions with 75% accuracy.

2. Today in History
1872 Suffragist Susan B. Anthony was fined $100 for attempting to vote in a presidential election.
1935 Parker Brothers began marketing the board game "Monopoly."

4. Stage 2: Conversion of Light Energy
Excited electrons that leave the chlorophyll are used to make new molecules
ATP
NADPH

5. Stage 2: Conversion of Light Energy
Electron Transport Chain (Type 1)
Lies between two clusters of green pigment molecules
A protein acts as a membrane pump
Excited electrons lose some energy as they pass through the protein
Energy is used to pump H+ into the thylakoid

6. Stage 2: Conversion of Light Energy
Electron Transport Chain (Type 1)
As the process continues, H+ becomes more concentrated in the thylakoid
Creates a concentration gradient
Hydrogen ions then diffuse back out of the thylakoid down their concentration gradient
Use a specialized carrier protein
Unusual because they act as an enzyme and an ion channel

7. Stage 2: Conversion of Light Energy
Electron Transport Chain (Type 1)
As hydrogen ions pass through the cannel portion of the protein, it catalyzes a reaction
A phosphate group is added to a molecule of ADP producing ATP
Movement of hydrogen ions provides the energy to produce ATP which is used in the third stage of photosynthesis.

8. Stage 2: Conversion of Light Energy
Electron Transport Chain (Type 2)
Makes NADPH
Electron carrier that provides the high energy electrons needed to make carbon- hydrogen bonds in the third stage of photosynthesis.
Electrons combine with hydrogen ions and an electron acceptor called NADP+
Forms NADPH

9. Electron Transport Chain

10. Stage 3: Storage of Energy
Carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are used to make organic compounds in which chemical energy is stored.
Called carbon dioxide fixation
Referred to as “dark reactions” or “light-independent reactions”

11. Stage 3: Storage of Energy
Calvin Cycle
Most common method of carbon dioxide fixation
Series of enzyme assisted chemical reactions that produces a three- carbon sugar

12. Stage 3: Storage of Energy
Calvin Cycle
Each molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) is added to a five- carbon compound by an enzyme
The resulting six-carbon compound splits into two three- carbon compounds. Phosphate groups from ATP and NADPH are added to the three-carbon compounds, forming three-carbon sugars.

13. Stage 3: Storage of Energy
Calvin Cycle
3. One of the resulting three-carbon sugars is used to make organic compounds in which energy is stored for later use by the organism.
Starch
Sucrose
4. The other three-carbon sugars are used to regenerate the initial five-carbon compound
Completing the cycle

15. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
Light
Photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases until all of the pigments are used
Carbon Dioxide Concentration
Temperature

16. What are five new things you have learned about photosynthesis from this video?
Crash Course

17. 3: Stages of Photosynthesis 2: Types of energy carrying molecules produced 1: Cycle that creates organic molecules
3-2-1

18. Cellular Respiration

19. Cellular Energy Cellular Respiration Metabolic Processes
The process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide
Metabolic Processes
Aerobic: metabolic process that require oxygen
Anaerobic: metabolic process that does not require oxygen

20. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

21. Check for Understanding
What is cellular respiration?

22. Cellular Respiration
Glucose is converted to pyruvate producing a small amount of ATP and NADH
When oxygen is present, pyruvate and NADH are used to make a large amount of ATP
Called aeorobic respiration
Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
Occurs in the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells
2. When oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol

24. Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm during glycolysis
Glycolysis is an enzyme assisted anaerobic process that breaks down one six-carbon molecule of glucose to two three-carbon pyruvate ions.

25. Glycolysis
In a series of three reactions, phosphate groups from two ATP molecules are transferred to a glucose molecule
In two reactions, the resulting six-carbon compound is broken down to two three-carbon compounds, each with a phosphate group.
Two NADH molecules are produced, and one more phosphate group is transferred to each three-carbon compound.
In a series of four reactions, each three-carbon compound is converted to a three carbon pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules in the process.

27. Check for Understanding
What is ATP?

28. Stage 2: Production of ATP
When oxygen is present
Pyruvate enters a mitochondrion and is converted to a two-carbon compound
Produces one carbon dioxide molecule, one NADH molecule, and one two-carbon acetyl group
Two-carbon acetyl group is attached to a molecule called coenzyme A (CoA) forming acetyl-CoA

29. Krebs Cycle
Acetyl-CoA combines with a four-carbon compound, forming a six-carbon compound and releasing coenzyme A
CO2 is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a five-carbon compound, Electrons are transferred to NAD+ making a molecule of NADH
CO2 is released from the five-carbon compound resulting in a four-carbon compound. A molecule of ATP and NADH is produced.

30. Krebs Cycle
4. The existing four-carbon compound is converted to a new four- carbon compound. Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor call FAD, making a molecule of FADH2
FADH2 is another type of electron carrier
5. The new four-carbon compound is the converted to the four- carbon compound that began the cycle. Another molecule of NADH is produced.
Completing the cycle

31. Krebs Cycle
After the cycle, NADH and FADH2 contain much of the energy that was previously stored in glucose and pyruvate

32. Stage 2: Production of ATP
In aerobic respiration, electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 pass through an electron transport chain
Located in the inner membranes of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.
Energy is used to pump H+ out of the inner mitochondrial compartment
As H+ accumulate in the outer mitochondrial compartment they create a concentration gradient

33. Stage 2: Production of ATP
H+ diffuses back into the inner compartment through a carrier protein that adds a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP.
At the end of the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions and spent electrons combine with molecule of O2 forming H2O

36. Check for Understanding
What is the Krebs Cycle?

37. Stage 2: Production of ATP
Respiration in the absence of oxygen
Electron transport chain does not function because oxygen is not available to serve as the final electron acceptor.
NAD+ is recycled in another way

38. Stage 2: Production of ATP
Electrons carried by NADH are transferred to pyruvate produced during glycolysis
Called fermentation
Two important types of fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation

39. Lactic Acid Fermentation
A three-carbon pyruvate is converted to a three-carbon lactate
Lactate is the ion of an organic acid called lactic acid

40. Alcoholic Fermentation
The three-carbon pyruvate is broken down to ethanol (ethyl alcohol), a two-carbon compound
CO2 is released during the process
Step 1:
Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon compound, releasing CO2
Step 2:
Electrons are transferred from a molecule of NADH to the two-carbon compound producing ethanol

41. Check for Understanding
What is fermentation?
What are the two types of fermentation?

42. Production of ATP
Total amount of ATP that a cell is able to harvest from each glucose molecule depends on the presence or absence of oxygen.
Cells use energy most efficiently when oxygen is present
2 molecules of ATP are produced in glycolysis
As many as 34 molecules of ATP can be produced by the Krebs cycle.

43. Check for Understanding
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes?

44. Ticket Out
What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?