1.Basic Chemistry

ATOMS Atom: the basic unit of matter Nucleus: is the core of the atom. It contains protons (+), neutrons Electron cloud: contains the electrons (-) Valence electrons: the electrons available to form bonds

When Atoms Bond Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared  molecule

2. Chemistry of Life Living organisms are made of carbon molecules With 4 valence electrons, can form 4 strong covalent bonds with many elements, including itself.

Quiz Atoms are the ______________ of matter. Structure of the atom: – Protons: __________ charged particles – Neutrons: – Nucleus: – Electrons: Valence electronsCovalent bonds form when _____________. This process forms a ____________. Living organisms are made out of _____ molecules. This atom Carbon atom has ___ valence electrons.

Macromolecules Macromolecules: giant molecules formed by carbon through the process of polymerization Monomers: building blocks for different macromolecules; small repeating molecular units. Polymers: made up of many monomers which bond to form a macromolecule

The 4 Major Categories of macromolecules Carbohydrates: think sugars, starches Lipids: think fats, wax and oils Nucleic Acids: think DNA and RNA Proteins: think muscle and amino acids

CARBOHYDRATES Include sugars and polymers of sugars Commonly form ring structures Structure: – Monomers: sugar molecules Function: – energy storage: glycogen – structural support: cellulose

Monomers

Starch and Cellulose Starch is used as an energy storage molecule in plants Cellulose is used for structural support creating the cell wall of plants Both are polysaccharides

Cell membrane Phospholipid Bi- layer This creates a membrane that can separate two environments

LIPIDS Includes triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids They don’t dissolve in water and tend to stick together when placed in an aqueous solution Structure: – glycerol molecule + fatty acid Function – Energy storage – Membranes – hormones

Phospholipid Structure

NUCLEIC ACID Include DNA and RNA Structure: – Monomers: nucleotides Function: – Store and transmit hereditary information

PROTEINS Structure: – Monomers: amino acids – Polymers: proteins Function: – Catalyzing reactions (enzymes) – Regulate cell processes – Structural support – Chemical messengers… 20 amino acids different combinations of Amino Acids make various proteins.

POSTER pg 44 of your textbook Divide page in 4 for the 4 major macromolecules in living organisms – Name of the macromolecule – Drawing of its structure with color – Atomic composition – Minimum of 2 functions(Proteins should have more) – 3 to 5 facts for each

NOTES Some Definitions: – Macromolecules: giant molecules formed by carbon through the process of polymerization – Monomers: building blocks for different macromolecules; small repeating molecular units. – Polymers: made up of many monomers which bond to form a macromolecule 4 Major categories of macromolecules: – Carbohydrates (sugar, starches) – Lipids (oils, fats waxes) – Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) – Proteins (muscles, Carbodydrates: – Structure: monomers are sugar molecules – Function: energy storage Lipids: – Structure: glycerol molecule + fatty acids – Function: energy storage, membranes, hormones Nucleic Acids – Structure: monomers are nucleotides – Function: Store and transmit hereditary information Proteins: – Structure: monomers are amino acids – Function: Catalyzing reactions, Regulate cell processes, Structural support, Chemical messengers