Characteristics of Living Things and Classification What makes something living? How do we organize living things?

BIOLOGY: THE STUDY OF LIFE. ALIVE OR NOT ALIVE???? Scientists have not really decided upon a single definition of life, but it is determined by the actions of life functions carried on by an organism. Click for biology song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aynclw6TXeE&feature=related

I. Organization of Living Things MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

II. Chemical Composition of Living Things A. Living things are made of four main elements Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) B. These elements combine to form molecules.

contain BOTH carbon and hydrogen 1. Organic Molecules contain BOTH carbon and hydrogen proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids Proteins (& enzymes) Carbohydrates (glucose) DNA

2. Inorganic molecules - does not contain both carbon & hydrogen but can contain other combinations of elements Includes salts (NaCl) and minerals Acids and bases Gases – oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) –most abundant substance in the human body

III. Four Characteristics of ALL Living Things Living things are made of CELLS that contain DNA Living things have a METABOLISM to help them use energy to live, grow, and develop. THE SUM TOTAL OF ALL LIFE FUNCTIONS. Living things maintain HOMEOSTASIS: a stable internal environment Ex: Your body sweats in order to maintain a proper internal temperature Living things REPRODUCE

Characteristics of Living Things: The Video Clip

IV. Similarities and Differences Among Living Things A. Living things go about the 4 characteristics in similar AND different ways B. All living things carry on the life functions.

V. Life Functions or Processes 1. Nutrition: The process of obtaining food (nutrients). Ingestion –taking food in. Digestion- breaking down of food so that it can be absorbed by the body. Egestion- elimination of undigested food (solid waste).

Life Functions or Processes 2. Transport : The absorption of materials and the circulation (distribution) of materials to all the cells of an organism. 3. Respiration : The chemical activities that release energy from food. {Ex. Oxygen + glucose yields carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY] This energy is needed to maintain life.

Life Functions or Processes 4. Synthesis : “to make” combining simple substances to make more complex substances, or making things the body needs. [Ex. Starches from simple sugars] 5. Excretion : Getting rid of cellular waste such as CARBON DIOXIDE(CO2), WATER (H2O) and SALTS (NaCl). 6. Regulation : Responding (or coordinating ) to changes in the environment to maintain homeostasis. EX: Your pupils dilate to react to low lighting situation.

Life Functions or Processes 7. Growth: increase in living matter by increasing cell size or cell number 8. Reproduction: ability of organisms to form more of its own kind *(not needed for an organism’s survival but necessary for the survival of the species)

Simple to Complex: The Video Clip

VI. Helping Vocabulary Number of cells: Nucleus? Mode of nutrition: Multicellular: Made of many cells Unicellular: Made of one cell Nucleus? Eukaryote: Cells contain a nucleus Prokaryote: Cells lack a nucleus Mode of nutrition: Heterotroph: Need to obtain food ex. man Autotroph: Can make own food ex. plants

The Five Kingdoms: The Video Clip

VII. The 5 Kingdoms Animalia Fungi Plantae Protista Monera Similarities and Differences in life processes has grouped orgs into 5 different kingdoms Animalia Fungi Plantae Protista Monera MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTIC

Obtaining Nutrients a) Heterotroph Gets nutrients from the environment Kingdoms: Animalia, Fungi, Some Protista and Monera b) Autotroph Makes own food Plantae and some Protists (photosynthesis), some Bacteria (chemosynthesis)

Transport of materials a) Unicellular Orgs: Transport within cytoplasm Kingdoms: Protista, Monera b) Multicellular Orgs: Transport within liquids and tubes Animalia, Plantae, Fungi

Reproduction a) Asexual: b) Sexual: One parent Offspring genetically identical (clones) Kingdoms: Some Fungi, Protista, Monera b) Sexual: Two parents Offspring genetically different from parents Some Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

VIII. Classification of Living Things Why classify organisms? For easy identification For evolutionary comparison of organisms Organisms are grouped into large categories based on similarities Once in a group, organisms are separated based on differences Those with common ancestors are grouped together.

A. Classification of Living Things 6 Kingdoms Phyla (s. Phylum) Class Order Family Genus Species DIVIDED INTO DIVIDED INTO # OF ORGANISMS DECREASES DIVIDED INTO DIFFERENCES AMONG ORGS INCREASES DIVIDED INTO DIVIDED INTO DIVIDED INTO

Acronym to help remember! King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

B. Classification of Humans KINGDOM: Animalia PHYLUM: Chordata Has backbone CLASS: Mammalia Females have mammary glands ORDER: Primates Larger brain size FAMILY: Hominidae GENUS: Homo SPECIES: sapiens Canis familiaris Felis concolor A species is able to successfully reproduce amongst its members.

C. Scientific Naming Scientific name = Genus + species Referred to as Binomial Nomenclature (2 name naming system) species is not capitalized always italicized or underlined Ex. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens Abbreviation: First letter of Genus (capitalized), followed by species Ex. H. sapiens Scientists have only identified and named a FRACTION of all living organisms on Earth!!!!

Website with nice graphics of levels of biological organization: http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/Biology-Is-Studied-at-Many-Levels-of-35665

Reviewbook Answers pgs 4-5 #1-10 1).any 2 of the following: Made of cells; maintain homeostasis; require energy to live; respire; etc. 2) 3 3) 2 4) to look for cells 5) 4 6) 1 7) 2 8) any 2 of the following: living things maintain homeostasis; reproduce; made of functioning cells; require energy; etc whereas nonliving doesn’t 9) 4 10) 3