Presidents James Madison and James Monroe APUSH Lecture 3.2 4th president 1809-1817 5th president 1818-1825 A scholar who nearly worked himself to death! First lifetime politician

President James Madison Born in Virginia, 1751 Enlisted in Continental Army but too small Attended Princeton University and became a lawyer. Father of the Constitution and Bill of Rights. Secretary of State during Jefferson’s Presidency President, 1809 to 1817 President James Madison

Both sides were impressing US ships. The War of 1812…why? First issue: Britain and France at war Impressment Both sides were impressing US ships. Definition: An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy

Thomas Jefferson’s solution…along with Secretary of State Madison Embargo Act 1807- American ships are not allowed to leave for any foreign ports Result? DISASTER A political cartoon showing merchants dodging the "Ograbme", which is 'Embargo' spelled backwards. The embargo was also ridiculed in the New England press as Dambargo, Mob-Rage, or Go-bar-'em.

Ne-ner-ne-ner-ne-ner! Non-importation Act 1809- Foreign trade open with anyone and everyone EXCEPT France and England Macon’s Bill No. 2 1810- removed all trade restrictions again France and England, BUT the president was given power to reverse if either France or England revoked decrees Napoleon revokes the decrees against American Shipping and……… MADISON believes Napoleon

Congressional War Hawks New members want war! Motives? Respect-USA needs to fight to defend neutrality Henry Clay Tecumseh- Shawnee Indian leader –Creek war 1811 John C Calhoun Florida and Canada-territorial expansion

Did not the Great Spirit make them for the use of his children?” “Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the clouds and the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them for the use of his children?” Tecumseh

War breaks out again between the United States and Britain in 1812. The War of 1812 2nd War of Independence Mr. Madison’s War War breaks out again between the United States and Britain in 1812. Americans initiate 3 pronged invasion of Canada Result? 3 pronged defeat! NEXT

At 1st it seems like a huge mistake WAR OF 1812 Map war1812 At 1st it seems like a huge mistake Canada—denied! Napoleon abdicates and now England can focus on crushing US Creeks kill Hundreds in Tennessee

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813 US military victory led by General William H. Harrison Tecumseh was killed during this battle

US attacked in 3 areas and prevails! 1.Lake Champlain 2. Chesapeake- Capital burned Aug 24, 1814 3. New Orleans

Naval Battles The Battle of Lake Erie After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours”

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WAR OF 1812 Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the British destroyed it. Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WAR OF 1812 U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814 Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

Battle of New Orleans 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase. 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

Treaty of Ghent Christmas eve 1814 Senate receives in February 1815 and approves of Treaty and the war is over. Terms- 1. Halt to fighting 2. Return of all conquered territory to prewar borders 3. Recognition of prewar border between Canada and USA It’s a tie!!!

However….the legacy of the conflicts are enormous Nationalism grows! -Supreme Court decisions encourage federal power American Identity Emerges “Go ahead, go ahead” Daniel Webster’s term for the spirit of the age 3. Andrew Jackson becomes a household name and William Henry Harrison. War heroes as presidents. 4. Native American removal

Another legacy “Era of good feelings” James Monroe 1817-1825 Last president from the Rev. Era Fought at Trenton with George Washington Practiced Law in Virginia Negotiated Louisiana Purchase

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1817 TO 1825 Spirit of Nationalism in US american system Spirit of Nationalism in US patriotism or national oneness Country is united, confident, and growing 1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13. One political party---Republican party Respect from Europe Monroe first president to visit all states. Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good Feelings” had began. But, time period was not free of problems.

Era of Good Feelings Cultural Nationalism Economic Nationalism Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism Economic Nationalism Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEM Political Nationalism Movement to bring about the support for national government is over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.

Henry Clay’s American System Congress’s attempt to unite the US National transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers. 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation--- Provide economic growth Americans buying American goods American self-sufficiency. Protective Tariff to promote infant industry Tariff of 1816 2nd BUS to promote a stronger economy Rechartered in 1816

National Transportation system ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS National Transportation system Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal improvements to unite the US the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811. 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West demanded transportation.

Population shift from the east to the West Reasons for Westward Movement Population shift from the east to the West Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands Land easy to obtain Economic pressures Improved transportation Immigration

New Questions and Issues ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS New Questions and Issues Greatest importance to western states were: “Cheap money” (easy credit) from state banks rather than from the Bank of the United States Land made available at low prices by the government Improved transportation Westerners could not agree whether to permit slavery or exclude it

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS The Panic of 1819 Largely the fault of the Second Bank of the United States’ tightening of credit in an effort to control inflation Many state banks closed The value of money fell There were large increases in unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt Depression was most severe in the West The economic crisis changed many Western voters’ political outlook

Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by 1850 City growth Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by 1850