FORGETTING The Mechanisms of Forgetting and the Seven Deadly Sins of Memory.

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Presentation transcript:

FORGETTING The Mechanisms of Forgetting and the Seven Deadly Sins of Memory

Decay Memory traces fade with time, the neural wiring is disconnected does not entirely explain lapses in LTM (e.g. people can still remember things they haven’t thought of for years) KtU KtU

Alzheimer’s Disease The most common form of dementia (60-80%) “Plaques”: Beta-amyloid protein particles disrupt neural signals “Tangles”: Tau protein fibers twist and build up within cells blocking transmission Damage starts in the cortex and then spreads throughout the brain Currently there is no known cure

Replacement New info “overwrites” old info Subject to manipulation/suggestion Not all things get over-written

Interference Similar items “block” access to other information Can happen in both STM/LTM Proactive: old info blocks new Retroactive: new info blocks old Limited by the fact that not all new/old info is impacted

Cue-Dependent Forgetting Cues: info, context, setting, associations that aid memory Willem Wagenaar (1986): found he forgot 20% of the details of his life after 1 year, forgot 60% after 5 years; then gathered clues from friends about 10 events and could recall details about all 10

State Dependent Memory: cues from the setting/emotional state when the memory is formed can aid in retrieval if you are in a similar state later – “mood-congruent memory effect”: being stuck in one emotional state and memories perpetuate this mood –

Psychogenic Amnesia Memory loss with no biological/physiological origin Caused by trauma or extreme emotional shock Repression: deemed unlikely by Cognitive psychologists—trauma more likely to be remembered than forgotten (PTSD) – More likely selective/intentional retrieval – w w

Biological Amnesia H. M. Case Study Clive Wearing Case Study Ylw Ylw

The Seven Deadly Sins of Memory Daniel Schacter – 1. Transience: info loses accessibility over time – 2. Poor Encoding: inattention or shallow processing results in weak storage (“Absent Mindedness”) – 3. Blocking: temporary inaccessibility leads to poor retrieval (“tip of the tongue”) – 4. Misattribution: memory is attached to the wrong source (memory of first day of school is really based on Mom’s story of your first day) – 5. Suggestibility: leading questions/comments implant a false memory – 6. Bias: Schemas influence accuracy – 7. Persistence: inability to forget info/events, can be combined with emotion thus enhancing and emphasizing only certain aspects –