Listening and Reading GERM 5380/ ROML 5395 September 16, 2010 Manuela Wagner

Listening What does listening consist of? What does listening consist of? - Perceiving aural stimuli (physiological, ears sensitive, minimal pairs) - Attending to aural stimuli (concentration, tune out background noise, filter stimuli) - Assigning meaning to aural stimuli (interpretative act, involves personal, cultural and linguistic matters, also individual subjective act) Wolvin and Coakley (1985)

Is listening active or passive, productive or receptive? LISTENERS ARE ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS DURING THE COMMUNICATIVE ACT. LISTENERS ARE ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS DURING THE COMMUNICATIVE ACT. LISTENING IS A DYNAMIC PROCESS DRAWING ON A VARIETY OF MENTAL PROCESSES AND KNOWLEDGE SOURCES. LISTENING IS A DYNAMIC PROCESS DRAWING ON A VARIETY OF MENTAL PROCESSES AND KNOWLEDGE SOURCES. (Lee and VanPatten, 2003; p. 195) (Lee and VanPatten, 2003; p. 195)

Inference: Inference: Speaker 1: My husband left me. Speaker 2: Who is she? The listener is not a bystander but a co- constructor of the discourse. (Lee and VanPatten, 2003; p. 201) What about listening in the classroom? Listening as COMMUNICATION

Listening: collaborative noncollaborative Modalities:aural Modalities:aural aural and visual (telephone, interview, radio, TV News)

Roles of listener Maintaining discourse Maintaining discourse TRP TRP Global query Global query Local query Local query Transitional query Transitional query

How to develop communicative listening skills P. 202 Pause to consider P. 202 Pause to consider Classroom discussions vs. nonclassroom conversations Classroom discussions vs. nonclassroom conversations Culture (Culture, culture), not divorced from activities, develop cultural sensitivity Culture (Culture, culture), not divorced from activities, develop cultural sensitivity Activties Activties

READING Factors involved in L2 reading Factors involved in L2 reading literacy in L1 difference in symbol systems How readers contribute to comprehension schema theory (readers bring schemata, persona; knowledge and experience)

SCHEMATA Constrain Constrain Elaborate Elaborate Filter (culturally schematic filter) Filter (culturally schematic filter) Compensate Compensate Organize: formal schemata Organize: formal schemata p. 233 PTC

TEXT FEATURES Language Language Chronological order in narratives Chronological order in narratives Cause effect relationships in expository texts Cause effect relationships in expository texts Transparent and opaque words Transparent and opaque words Explicit and implicit definition Explicit and implicit definition p. 225 PTC

INTERACTIVE MODELS OF READING Reader-based factors Reader-based factors Text-based factors Text-based factors Background knowledge (schemata) Background knowledge (schemata) Feature analysis – letter analysis– letter cluster analysis – syntactic knowledge – lexical knowledge – semantic knowledge Feature analysis – letter analysis– letter cluster analysis – syntactic knowledge – lexical knowledge – semantic knowledge Interactive models of reading Interactive models of reading

Reading is an interactive process. Reading is an interactive process. The process of reading involves “actively constructing meaning among the parts of the text and between the text and personal experience.” (Lee and VanPatten, 2003, p.227) The process of reading involves “actively constructing meaning among the parts of the text and between the text and personal experience.” (Lee and VanPatten, 2003, p.227) Reading has informational and linguistic outcomes. Linguistic outcomes: Linguistic outcomes: - Incorporate reading into beginning levels

Glossary Minimal pairs (e.g., ship, sheep – minimal phonemic contrast) Minimal pairs (e.g., ship, sheep – minimal phonemic contrast) Illocutionary meaning: What we do with language (purpose of utterance) Illocutionary meaning: What we do with language (purpose of utterance) TRP: Transition relevance places (Sacks, Schegloff, Jefferson 1974) TRP: Transition relevance places (Sacks, Schegloff, Jefferson 1974) Gambits: routine formulae (e.g., The way I look at it, Yes? You know…) Gambits: routine formulae (e.g., The way I look at it, Yes? You know…) Expository text is written by authors to inform, to explain, to describe, to present information or to persuade: ad, autobiography, campaign speech,… Expository text is written by authors to inform, to explain, to describe, to present information or to persuade: ad, autobiography, campaign speech,… Back-channeling: mhm, request for clarification, sentence completion, head nodding or shaking, brief restatement Back-channeling: mhm, request for clarification, sentence completion, head nodding or shaking, brief restatement Schemata: higher-level complex knowledge structures (Landry, 2002), background knowledge influencing you when reading a text Schemata: higher-level complex knowledge structures (Landry, 2002), background knowledge influencing you when reading a text