1. PRAGMATICS 3

2. CH 7: POLITENESS AND INTERACTION

3. Arrange these in order of politeness: (least polite first) Set the table! Could you please set the table? Set the table, will you? Would you mind if i asked you to set the table? Can you set the table?

4. POLITENESS A term often used when we talk about politeness is face. Face is awareness of other person’s self image. We show either distance/respect or friendliness/solidarity. FACE WANTS = A person’s expectations that their public self image will be respected. Face threatening act = something that represents a threat to another individual’s public self image. (Avoid orders). Face saving act = avoidance of a potential threat to a person’s self image. (Use questions).

5. NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FACE Negative face = our right to independence of action and our need not to be imposed upon by others. Positive face= our need to be accepted and liked by others and our need to feel that our social group shares common goals; our need to be connected.

8. You want to borrow someone’s stapler. How do you go about it? Lend me your stapler. =Bald on record Lend me your stapler, please.

9. Words that soften demands like please are called mitigating devices. If these are not present, we talk of bald on record. See Yule p. 66, How to borrow something from someone.

10. Positive politeness strategies; appeal to solidarity: It would be really nice of you if I could borrow your… Negative politeness strategies; awareness of other’s right not to be imposed upon: I know you probably need it yourself, but could I possibly use…

12. ACTS AND PRE-ACTS Sometimes we need to prepare the addressee for what is to come, so we have pre-requests, pre-invitations, pre-announcements. - Are you busy? - Are you doing anything on Saturday? - Want to hear something interesting?

13. CHAPTER 8: CONVERSATION AND PREFERENCE STRUCTURE

15. Turn-yielding signals prosody syntax semantics 8/10 turn-takings take place without simultaneous talking.

16. Back-channels m, m-hm, yeah, yes, that’s right sentence completion brief restatements (request for clarification)

17. Back-channels - are not turn-claiming - encourage the current speaker to go on - signal the listener’s active participation - express agreement, acceptance, under-standing - can occur almost anywhere in the current speaker’s turn - are both speaker and situation specific

18. Listeners are rarely silent for more than 15 seconds. Therefore the absence of back channels is significant.

19. CONVERSATIONAL STYLE

20. Questions and answers: When did Wendy leave ? Yesterday Invitation and acceptance: Would you like to come for a coffee? Sure! Love to! Apology and acceptance: I’m so sorry! That’s OK.

21. Request for favour and granting: - Could I please borrow your pen? - Yes, of course.

22. PREFERENCE STRUCTURES

23. CH. 9 DISCOURSE AND CULTURE In discourse analysis you talk about three different functions; Interpersonal function: deals with personal interaction. Textual function: deals with what makes a text well- formed. Ideational function: deals with thought and experience.

24. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS The study of language with reference to the social and psychological factors that influence communication. What makes a text well-formed? The links that create cohesion. Discourse analysis deals a lot with text-specific features – story telling, debate, news reporting.

26. COHERENCE

28. CULTURAL SCHEMATA = schemata based on knowledge of a particular culture. CROSS-CULTURAL PRAGMATICS; differences in expectations based on cultural schemata. CONTRASTIVE PRAGMATICS; the study of different cultural ways of talking. INTERLANGUAGE PRAGMATICS; learner pragmatics Pragmatic accent.