Gender Studies in British and American Culture September 11, 2014

Identities and Subjectivities  The cultural forms and practices are also shaped not only by the structures of a society but also by the subjectiviti es of individual women and men as social actors.  the identities that individuals adopt in order to define t hemselves are produced, at least in part, from the cultural and social contexts in which we find ourselves and from which we draw certain assumptions about 'human nature', 'individuality' and 'the self'.

Trinh T. Minh-ha  Whether I accept it or not, the natures of I, i, you, s/he, W e, we, they, and wo/man constantly overlap. They all display a necessary ambivalence, for the line dividing I and Not-I, us and them, or him and her is not (cannot) always (be) as clear as we would like it to be.

Identity concerning Gender  Girls are not 'naturally' feminine, nor boys 'naturally' masc uline. These are learned identities.  Rather than there being a single form of femininity or mas culinity, it has been suggested that we should think in ter ms of a range of femininities or masculinities that may be taken up by individuals.  And their sense of identity can change over time

Louis Althusser's idea of Ideology  For Althusser, the subject is not the same as the individual. Subjectivity is a constructed category produced by ideolo gy, 'the category of the subject is constitutive of all ideolo gy, but at the same time and immediately I add that the ca tegory of the subject is only constitutive of all ideology in so far as all ideology has the function (which defines it) of "constituting" concrete individuals as subjects'.

Social Constructivism  Social constructivism is the term used to describe approa ches that reject essentialist explanations of identity. A soci al constructivist perspective claims that gender identity is formed through interaction with social factors, and is not simply the result of biological differences. Such an approac h does not deny biological differences, but attempts to un derstand and explain them in terms of social context, rath er than seeing individuals as limited and bounded by their biology.

Sociobiologist’s view on Gender  Their [sociobiologists'] position is that psychological and behavioural characteristics have been shaped by the process of evolution. Those behaviours which in the past have facilitated survival and reproduction are those which have been selected for.

Recent objections to Biological Determinism  These perspectives reject the idea of the body as simply a biological organism, and stress instead that people's exper ience of their physical bodies is shaped by social structure s and expectations, as well as 'natural' functions.

Sherry B. Ortner, "Is female to male as natu re is to culture?"  Woman is being identified with – or, if you will, seems to be a symbol of – something that every culture devalues, something that every culture defines as being of a lower order of existence than itself…it must be stressed again that the whole scheme is a construct of culture rather than a fact of nature. Woman is not “in reality” any closer to (or further from) nature than man – both have consciousness, both are mortal…both men and women c an and must be equally involved in projects of creativity a nd transcendence.