Animal Behavior Chapter 5 K. Duff

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Section 1: Types of Behavior

Vocabulary Behavior Stimulus Innate Behavior Reflex Instincts Learned Behavior Imprinting Trial and Error Conditioning Insight

Behavior Behavior: the way an organism interacts with other organisms and its environment 2 Types: Innate vs. Learned Reflex Instinct Imprinting Trial & Error Conditioning Insight *Natural/Occurs at birth *Develops over a lifetime

Stimulus: Anything in the environment that causes a reaction. Can be internal and external –Ex. Dogs External: Seeing their owner come home –Stimulus: seeing their owner –Reaction: wagging tail, barking, etc. Internal: Hunger/thirst –Stimulus: feeling hungry/thirsty –Reaction: eating some food/drinking water

1. Innate Behavior Innate Behavior: behavior that an organism is born with –Inherited from parents –Don’t have to be learned –Behavior of animals with short life spans is mostly innate. (ex. Insects) –2 Types: Reflexes Instincts

Reflexes Reflex: Automatic response that does not involve a message from the brain –You are aware of the action only after it has happened. –A reflex is not a result of conscious thinking. –Ex. Sneezing, shivering, yawning, blinking, removing your hand from something hot, etc.

Instincts Instincts: Inborn pattern of behavior –Begins when an animal recognizes a stimulus and continues until all parts of the behavior have been performed. Ex. –Hibernating in response to cold weather –Spiders spinning webs

2. Learned Behavior Learned behavior: Develops during an organism’s lifetime –More complex brain = more learned behaviors –Learning is the result of experience or practice –Can modify instincts Baby quail will crouch down if anything passes over head. Older quail have learned to crouch if a hawk passes over but not from a falling leaf –4 Types: Imprinting Trial and Error Conditioning Insight

Imprinting Imprinting: When an animal forms a social attachment to another organism shortly after birth/hatching –Ex. Baby zebras learn their mom’s stripes Gosling thinks its mom is the 1st moving thing it sees

Trial and Error Trial and Error: Behavior that is modified by experience –Ex. Learning to tie your shoes Chicks learning which objects to peck at when looking for food

Conditioning Conditioning: A behavior is modified so that a response to one stimulus becomes associated with a different stimulus –Two types: A new stimulus is introduced before the usual stimulus A new stimulus is introduced after the usual stimulus –The first type was made famous by a Russian scientist named Ivan P. Pavlov

Pavlov’s Dogs Pavlov knew dogs would salivate (secrete saliva) when they saw/smelled food Pavlov added the other stimulus by ringing a bell before feeding the dogs Soon after the dogs would salivate whenever the heard the bell because they associated the bell with food

Pavlov’s Dogs Game Click the picture to play! Can be found at:

The second type is sometimes looked at as a punishment/reward Ex. –Getting an allowance for doing your chores You do the chores because you want your allowance You have been conditioned to do something you would not have without that stimulus

Insight Insight: Form of reasoning that allows animals to use past experiences to solve new problems –Most adult learning is insight –Ex. Math problems – using past experiences to solve new problems Using your knowledge of baking chocolate chip cookies to make oatmeal raisin

Game Time! 1.Decide if a picture represents an innate or learned behavior. 2.Then decide which specific type of behavior it is: Reflex Instinct Imprinting Trial and Error Conditioning Insight Innate Learned

If A + B = C Then C – A = ?

Behavioral Interactions Section 2

Vocabulary Social Society Territorial Aggression Submission Communication Pheromone Courtship Cyclic Circadian Rhythm Diurnal Nocturnal Hibernation & Estivation Migration

Instinctive Behavior Patterns 4 Types: 1.Social 2.Territorial 3.Communication 4.Cyclic

Social Social: Interactions between organisms of the same species –Behaviors include: courtship, mating, caring for the young, protecting each other, and getting food –Why? Safety in numbers Warmth Less likely to get lost Society: A group of animals of the same species living and working together in an organized way –Each member has a role –Organized by dominance Ex. Buck was the dominant dog in his pack

Territorial Territorial: to mark a certain space as one’s own and defend from other members of the same species –Marked by: sound (ex. birds), scent (ex. dogs), patrol and attack (ex. tiger) –Why defend a territory? They contain food, shelter, and mates –2 Types of territorial behaviors: 1. Aggression: force or control over another –Used to defend territory, protect young, get food 2. Submission: force or control given to another –Used to prevent being attacked

Communication Communication: An action by the sender that influences the behavior of the receiver –4 Forms of communication: 1. Courtship: Behaviors animals perform before mating. 2. Chemical: Use of chemicals to communicate –Pheromone: chemical produced by one organism to influence the behavior of another –Used to establish territory, warn of danger, attract mates 3. Sound: Use of signaling noises to convey information –Signal danger, mood, attract mates, identify members of the same species 4. Light: Use of bioluminescence to give off light through chemical reactions in an organism’s body –Ex. Male fireflies give off flashes of light to attract females, females flash back a different pattern

Taningia danae - which lives between 240 and 940 metres below the surface - might use these flashes to stun or distract their prey when attacking, and also to measure distances.

Cyclic Cyclic: An innate behavior that occurs in a repeated pattern often as a response to changes in the environment 3 Types: 1.Circadian rhythm: Behavior based on a 24 hour cycle Ex. Sleep cycles, meal times Diurnal: Animals that are active during the day Nocturnal: Animals that are active at night 2. Hibernation & Estivation: Cyclic responses to extreme temperatures, limited food supplies, drought, etc. 3. Migration: Instinctive movement of animals Done to find food or more favorable environment

Game Time! 1.Decide if a picture represents a Social, Territorial, Communication, or Cyclic behavior. 2.Then decide which specific type of behavior it is: Territorial: -Aggression -Submission Communication: -Chemical -Sound -Light Cyclic: -Circadian rhythm -Hibernation -Migration Social: -Courtship -Caring for young -Protection -Gathering food