1. Section 1: Types of Behaviors
Chapter 16 Notes

2. - Behavior – the way an organism interacts with other organisms.
- Stimulus is anything in the environment that causes a reaction
-A stimulus can be external ( a rival male entering another male's territory) or internal (hunger or thirst)

3. Innate Behaviors
- Innate behavior- a behavior an organism is born with.
- Reflex- an automatic response that does not involve a message from the brain.
- Instinct- complex pattern of innate behavior
(spider spinning a web).

4. Learned Behaviors
- Learned behavior- develops during an animal's lifetime ( more important for animals that have a long life span like mammals).
-Imprinting- occurs when an animal forms a social attachment to another organism within a specific time period after birth or hatching.
- Behavior that is modified by experience is called trial-and-error. (Learning to ride a Bike)

5. Learned Behaviors
- Conditioning- behavior is modified so that a response to one stimulus becomes associated with different stimulus.
-Pavlov's dog- a dog secretes saliva when it sees or smells food. Pavlov would ring a bell before he fed the dog. Because of conditioning, the dog would secrete saliva when he rang the bell (even before the dog saw or smelled the food.
- Insight- a form of reasoning that allows animals to use past experiences to solve a new problem.
- Imprinting, trial-and-error, conditioning, and insight are all examples of learned behavior.

6. Section 2: Behavioral Interactions
- Animals often live in groups for safety, warmth, or to keep from getting lost.
- Social Behavior- interactions among organisms of the same species ( courtship and mating, caring for their young, claiming territories).

7. Behavioral Interactions
-Society- a group of animals of the same species living and working together in an organized way (ants, bees, termites.

8. Territorial Behavior
- Territory- an area that an animal defends from other members of the same species ( songbirds sing, sea lions bellow, squirrels chatter, and other animals leave a scent.)
- Animals defend their territories because they contain food, shelter, and potential mates.
- Defending a territory improves the survival rate of the animals off-spring.

9. Territorial Behavior
- Aggression- a forceful behavior used to dominate or control another animal.
- To avoid being attacked and injured by an individual of its on species, an animal shows submission.

10. Communication - Communication is important in all social behavior.
- Courtship behavior- allow male and female members of a species to recognize each other.
- Pheromone- a chemical that is produced by one
Animal to influence the behavior of another animal of the same species. (Chemical communication)

11. Communication
- Sound communication- crickets rub forewings together, mosquitoes vibrate tiny hairs, rabbits thump the ground, gorillas pound their chest.
Light Communication
- bioluminescence – ability of certain living things to give off light. ex. Fireflies

12. Cyclic Behavior
- Cyclic Behavior- innate behavior that occurs in a repeating pattern. (eating, sleeping, etc.)
- Diurnal- animals that are active during the day.
-Nocturnal- animals that are active at night.
- Hibernation- a cyclic response to cold temperatures ( body temperature and breathing slow down and they live on stored fat).
- Estivation- reduced activity in desertlike environments.
- Migration- instinctive seasonal movement of animals.