Does Texture Affect Appetite Does Texture Affect Appetite? A Study of Sensory Specific Satiety in College-Aged Males Sc space grant symbol

Humans Exhibit Sensory Specific Satiety Novel sensory properties of foods induce satiated subjects to eat more in a multi-course meal Model of overeating and weight gain Is this a possible method of increasing food consumption in astronauts who experience a loss of appetite?

Sensory Properties That Affect Food Intake in Humans Portion Size Palatability Taste Odor Appearance Temperature Texture

Why is this important? If we can manipulate the texture of a limited number of food items, then we can possibly increase food intake in astronauts

Hypothesis Hungry subjects fed to satiety on foods of one texture will eat more of the same foods when presented as a different texture.

Methods: Meals Crackers (4 kcal/g) Water Crushed or Chunked: Pineapple (0.6 kcal/g) Cheese (3.9 kcal/g) Peanuts (5.8 kcal/g) Crushed Chunked

Subjects 39 Male non-smokers (age 17-22) Consumed no food or drink after midnight on test days Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for hunger and food appeal completed by all subjects before meals Subjects divided into groups based on second meal (crush or chunk)

Experimental Timeline Subject Arrives (males age 17-22) Meal 1: T=0mins Crushed Meal Presented VAS Completed T=15mins Meal 1 ends 5min break assigned to either chunk or crush group for Meal 2 Meal 2: T=20mins Meal 2 presented (crush or chunk) VAS completed T= 35mins Meal 2 ends Subject Released Fasted ~12 hrs Signs Waiver Reads Animate-show guidelines VAS-explain Data Collection and Analysis Food Weights measured after each meal ANOVA and post-hoc SNK T-Tests where appropriate

Subjects Crush/crush n= 19 Crush/chunk n= 17 p-value (t-test) Height (cm) 180.0 ±1.9 181.2 ± 1.7 0.637 Weight (kg) 80.0 ± 3.3 82.1 ± 3.7 0.676 Age (yr) 19.0 ± 0.3 19.8 ± 0.3 0.075 Body Mass Index (range) 24.3 ± 0.8 20-32 24.9 ± 0.8 0.567

Visual Analogue Ratings: Meal 1

Meal 1 Intake (mass)

Meal 1 Intake (Calories)

Meal 2 Intake (mass) P value for cheese

Visual Analogue Ratings: Meal 2

Meal 2 Intake (calories)

Summary Subjects offered a different texture in Meal 2 consumed significantly more mass and calories than those offered the same texture Subjects offered a different texture in Meal 2 rated that meal as more appealing than those offered a second meal of the same texture

Conclusions and Application Humans demonstrate Texture-Specific Satiety Changes in texture of some foods are sufficient to increase the amount of food consumed in a multi-course meal By changing the texture of foods, NASA scientists may be able to increase food intake for astronauts on a long-term spaceflight with limited foods available Pilot studies

Future Directions for Human Studies Consider palatability, energy density, and texture