1. By Jennifer Turley and Joan Thompson
Module 4.2
Energy Balance
By Jennifer Turley and Joan Thompson
© 2013 Cengage

2. Presentation Overview
Equations
States of Energy Balance
Energy Intake vs. Expenditure
Components of Energy Expenditure
BMR, REE, PA & SDA

3. Principles of Energy Balance
1 pound of fat = 3500 Calories stored
To lose fat/ weight: reduce Calorie intake
To increase fat/ weight: increase Calorie intake
Changing caloric intake for losing/ gaining weight is dependent on energy expenditure

4. Energy Balance Equations
If Calories eaten = Calories expended
-Energy balance occurs. Weight is maintained
If Calories eaten > Calories expended
-Positive energy balance occurs. Weight gain
If Calories eaten < Calories expended
-Negative energy balance occurs. Weight loss

5. Energy Intake
Consumption of Energy Producing Nutrients in Food and Beverages
Protein & Carbohydrates= 4 Cals/ g
Fat= 9 Cals/ g
Alcohol= 7Cals/ g
Calories are calories...
And they all add up!

6. Energy Expenditure Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
The amount of energy needed to sustain life
Voluntary muscle movement
Calories burned in physical activity (PA)
Specific Dynamic Action (SDA) of food (aka thermic affect of food)
Energy required for food digestion & processing

7. Energy Expenditure

8. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Energy required by the body to minimally function (heart to beat, lungs to breathe, etc)
Determined in a fasting state (12 hours) and when the body is at complete rest
Majority of expenditure in a sedentary person

9. Energy Expenditure Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) Similar to BMR
Considers the amount of energy burned by a person at rest
Measured in a lab or by estimated using the Mifflin equation

10. Mifflin Equations Based on gender, height, weight & age
REE formula for women
REE (Calories/ day)= (10*W) + (6.25*H) – (5*A) -161
REE formula for men
REE (Calories/ day)= (10*W) + (6.25*H) – (5*A) + 5
W= Weight in Kg (pounds divided by 2.2)
H = Height in centimeters (inches x 2.54)
A= Age in years

11. Mifflin Equations Example:
W= Weight in Kg (pounds divided by 2.2)
H = Height in centimeters (inches x 2.54)
A= Age in years
Example:
What is the REE for a 25 year old male who weighs 160 pounds and is 68” tall?
W= 160/ 2.2= kg
H= 68 * 2.54= cm
REE= (10*W) + (6.25*H) – (5*A) + 5
REE= (727.2) + (1079.5) – (125) + 5
= Calories

12. Factors Affecting BMR/ REE
Age: BMR is reduced with age
Gender: More lean mass means a higher BMR (gender differences)
Physiological State: Illness, pregnancy, lactation, stress & metabolic diseases like hyperthyroidism can increase the BMR. Starvation or prolonged fasting decreases BMR (up to 80% in women & 60% in men)
Environmental Temperature: hot or cold temperatures increase BMR

13. Energy Expenditure Physical Activity (PA)
Energy expended to perform physical activity
Voluntary muscle movement
Total amount of energy expended increases with body weight and the intensity of the exercise

14. Physical Activity & Calorie Burn
The BMR or REE can be used to determine energy spent or Calorie burn in PA
Calories burned = (Hours spent in activity x REE x Activity Factor )÷ 24 hours/day
Activity Factors
Sleeping/ Reclining Factor of 1
Very Light activity Factor of 1.5
Light activity Factor of 2.5
Moderate activity Factor of 5
Strenuous activity Factor of 7

15. Energy Expenditure Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)
Food processing charge
Aka thermic effect of food
10% of the total number of Calories consumed is required for the digestion, absorption & assimilation of nutrients into the body
Why metabolism increases when fed

16. Summary
Energy balance is the state of energy intake vs. energy expenditure
Intake occurs with food/ beverage consumption
Expenditure occurs with BMR, PA & SDA
Positive energy balance = weight gain
Negative energy balance = weight loss
References for this presentation are the same as those for this topic found in module 3 of the textbook