1. Effects of palatability on food, caloric, and macronutrient intake in a three-course meal. Tim Beckner, Michelle Bertling, Jai-Sheena Garnett, Allison Thomas, Kim Trimble

2. Overeating: A Growing Problem Overweight = Body Mass Index >25 2006 ~2/3 US pop. overweight

3. Wide variety of easily accessible, highly palatable, energy-dense foods Sensory Specific Satiety -Rolls 1980s (humans) -LeMagnen 1950s (rats) Some Factors that Promote Overeating I’m full. BUT!!

4. Sensory Specific Satiety Research at Wofford College - Stinnett et. al 2005 - Ross et. al 2004 - Henry et. al 2003 MealCalories per gram Froot Loops (FL) 3.8 Funyuns (OR) 5.0 Rat Chow (RC) 3.3 What is the palatability ranking?

5. (1) To determine relative palatabilities of Rat Chow, Onion Rings and Froot Loops® (2) To determine if sequences of courses in a three-course meal affects food intake caloric intake macronutrient intake Purposes

6. (1)When offered 3 foods simultaneously, Rats will eat very little Rat Chow, Moderate amounts of Onion Rings, and Large quantities of Froot Loops. (2) Offering a sequence of courses in which palatability increases with each course will result in the highest consumption of food. Hypotheses Expected palatability ranking: RC<OR<FL

7. Methods: Cafeteria Experiment 21 Male Sprague-Dawley Rats 12 hour light/12 dark cycle, RC & H 2 O ad libitum Except 18 hr food deprivation on Day of Experiment Foods presented simultaneously –Froot Loops –Onion Rings –Rat Chow 3 rats per week Counterbalanced over 7 weeks

8. Experimental Timeline Indication of palatability: Intake of each food (grams) Measure food intake 8:00 AM8:108:208:308:408:509:009:20 9:30 Measure food intake 9:10 Begin Experiment: Insert 3 foods End Experiment: weigh all foods 18 hour food deprivation Statistical Tests: RM ANOVA and S-N-K Multiple Comparisons p<0.05

9. Satiated at 50 minutes

10. n.s. p=0.391 *p<0.001 Palatability Hierarchy: RC=OR<FL

11. Results of Cafeteria Experiment Palatability Hierarchy RC = OR < FL Next Experiment: Effects of Palatability on Food Intake 3 Course Meal

12. Methods: Sequence Experiment 1 st Course2 nd Course3 rd Course Sequence 1RCORFL Sequence 2RCFLOR Sequence 3ORRCFL Sequence 4ORFLRC Sequence 5FLRCOR Sequence 6FLORRC Counterbalanced over 7 weeks

13. Experimental Timeline 18 hr food Deprivation 1 st Course2 nd Course Present 1 st Course 8:00 8:50 Measure food intake 9:10 Remove and weigh 1 st Course Present 2 nd Course 9:40 Remove and weigh 2 nd Course, Present 3 rd Course 3 rd Course 10:10 Remove and weigh 3 rd Course

14. n.s. *p<0.001 Palatability Hierarchy: RC=OR<FL same as Cafeteria Experiment

19. 3.3 Cal/gram 5.0 Cal/gram3.8 Cal/gram

21. (1) When offered 3 foods, Froot Loops will be the most palatable, Rat Chow the least, and Onion Rings will have an intermediate palatability. (2) Offering a sequence of meals in which palatability increases with each meal will result in the greatest food and caloric intake. Hypotheses Rejected RC < OR < FL RC = OR < FL

22. But Wait… Sequences are not equivalent with respect to macronutrient intake. By controlling the sequence of courses, one may manipulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake to maximize health! Mighty Rat

23. Rats and Humans: Differences Rats have very tight regulation of food intake. Humans don’t regulate food intake as effectively.

24. Rats and Humans: Similarities Both show Sensory Specific Satiety Both tend to gorge on highly palatable foods.

25. Recall the Growing Problem of Overweight and Obesity Observation: Easy access to highly palatable, energy dense foods promotes overeating. Advice based on our research and understanding of SSS: Eating the most nutritious courses first allows one to become satiated such that one consumes smaller amounts of less nutritious foods.

26. Eating dessert first really does spoil your dinner.