1. Short-term effects of chewing gum on snack intake and appetite
Shih-Min Chang (Melody)

2. Introduction Orosensory
By showing hands, how many people will taste the meal you are preparing?
Those are the unwanted Kcal
Or while sitting at the desk, you could be eating hundreds of kcal Mindlessly
Orosensory stimulation , which can satisfy appetite and help to suppress cravings for high energy snacks;
Keep your mouth busy to prevent from eating unwanted kcal bu piece of gum

3. Purpose
The experiment aims to exam the effects of chewing gum on snack intake and appetite.
Hypothesis
The study was hypothesized that chewing gum helps to reduce snack intake and to reduce cravings for snack.

4. Methods 60 healthy participants (53 females, 7 males)
They attended four occasions to consume
sweet or salty snacks twice a week
for two weeks
Highly acceptable gums (unsweeten/sweeten),
3 sweet/3 salty snacks offered
Measure: visual analogue scales hunger,
desire to eat , fullness
>60 healthy participants (53 females, 7 males)
> age between 18 and 55 years old
not be underweight (BMI < 18.5), most of them normal WT, some overWT
have a full set of teeth in good repair,
not be pregnant or breastfeeding,
no allergies to gum ingredients
not be taking medications likely to influence appetite and food intake
Consumed a normal breakfast at home, and were instructed not to eat or drink (except H2O) until noon, provide a fix lunch ( cheese sandwiches, green and fruit salads, Women 485kcal, Men 698 kcal) 25% EI

5. Methods Hunger, desire to eat, fullness T0, (Before Lunch)
T1, (Immediately after Lunch)
T2, (An hour after lunch)
T3, (Two hours after lunch)
T4, (return to the lab)
T5, (after consume snacks)
T6, (left lab 1 hour after snacks)
T7, ( left lab 2 hours after snacks)
ratings of hunger, desire to eat, fullness were completed BEFORE/AFTER lunch (T0) then hourly (T1, T2) until they return to the laboratory for snack (3hours after lunch) T3
***** During this time, they were asked not to eat or drink (except water) and avoid vigorous exercises******
500 kcal snacks
Gum groups T1, T2, participants chewed their favored gum for at least 15 mins

6. `

7. Results
A significant effect of condition revealed that a smaller weight of snack was consumed in both gum groups and a reduction of 36kcal or 8.2% of energy intake for the gum participants.

8. Results
Self-reported parameters, mean hunger ratings increased to a lesser extent over time after chewing gum compared to no-gum
indicated that hunger ratings increased less from post-lunch to pre-snack in the gum than in the no-gum condition

9. Results

10. Results A smaller weight of snack was consumed in both gum groups
Participants tended to eat more sweet than salty snacks
Self-reported parameters, mean hunger ratings were lower, but the fullness rates were higher in the gum groups.
Rating of desire to consume a snack, the chewing gum participants reduced the desire to eat snacks.

11. Discussion Individuals reduced snack intake
Not all the gum group have a suppression on snack intake
Pleasantness of food can be reduced in the gum group
Participants tended to eat more sweet than salty snacks
Gum could be a useful strategy to suppress intake
Chewing gum appeared to suppress the normal increase in hunger
Bc some individuals were more responsive than others,
They kind of know the effects
Women tend to like sweets, a sensory specific component, could be due to the different matching between snacks with sweeten or unsweeten gums

12. Conclusion
Reduction in snack consumption is associated with chewing gum; however, the contribution is significantly little.
Overall, chewing gum influences appetite, sensory specific satiation and intake, but the mechanism underpinning these observations remains unknown

13. Questions?