CHAPTER 2 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

Section I Information

What is a Civilization? Definition: a society in an advanced state of social development Definition: a society in an advanced state of social development 7 Categories that equal a civilization 7 Categories that equal a civilization 1. Land Form – Where do you survive? What is the land like? 1. Land Form – Where do you survive? What is the land like? 2. Economics and Trade – How do you get new things? Did they make their own money? 2. Economics and Trade – How do you get new things? Did they make their own money? 3. Power and Authority – Who is in charge? Who has authority under the leader? 3. Power and Authority – Who is in charge? Who has authority under the leader? 4. Social Structure – Who is on top and who’s not? Who is most important in the society and who is not important? 4. Social Structure – Who is on top and who’s not? Who is most important in the society and who is not important? 5. Science and Technology – What did they invent? How does it work? How did it change their society? 5. Science and Technology – What did they invent? How does it work? How did it change their society? 6. Record Keeping – How did they write down records and history of society? 6. Record Keeping – How did they write down records and history of society? 7. Religion – How do they worship? What are the main gods? Main religions? 7. Religion – How do they worship? What are the main gods? Main religions?

The Nile Valley Early inhabitants called the Nile River Valley “Kemet” - Black land Early inhabitants called the Nile River Valley “Kemet” - Black land Nile River – 4,160mi (worlds largest river) Nile River – 4,160mi (worlds largest river) –River floods without notice –Cataracts make Nile impossible to travel on

United Egypt Monarchies – small kingdoms ruled by separate kings Monarchies – small kingdoms ruled by separate kings Menes – 3000 B.C. conquered all of Egypt and ruled Memphis Menes – 3000 B.C. conquered all of Egypt and ruled Memphis –Set up the first dynasty Historians organize Egyptian dynasties into 3 kingdoms Historians organize Egyptian dynasties into 3 kingdoms –Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom

Old Kingdom (2700 B.C. – 2200B.C.) Egyptian people regarded their king as a descendent of the gods Egyptian people regarded their king as a descendent of the gods Theocracy – Leader is the political and religious leader Theocracy – Leader is the political and religious leader Bureaucracy – king delegated responsibilities of the state to these people Bureaucracy – king delegated responsibilities of the state to these people Built dams, canals and silos Built dams, canals and silos Also built the 3 pyramids of Giza Also built the 3 pyramids of Giza Believed kings watched over the kingdom after their death Believed kings watched over the kingdom after their death

Middle Kingdom (2200 B.C. – 1800 B.C.) Kings in Memphis lost power: chaos and violence pursued Kings in Memphis lost power: chaos and violence pursued 2050B.C. – new dynasty erupted in Thebes (lower Egypt) 2050B.C. – new dynasty erupted in Thebes (lower Egypt) Accomplishments: Accomplishments: –Gained more land by invading Syria –Built a canal between Nile and Red Sea for trade 1700 B.C. Hyksos invaded Egypt with bronze weapons and chariots – no match against stone 1700 B.C. Hyksos invaded Egypt with bronze weapons and chariots – no match against stone Ruled Egypt for 110 years Ruled Egypt for 110 years

The New Kingdom (1600 B.C. – 945 B.C.) Ahmose – Egyptian prince raised an army and drove out the Hyksos Ahmose – Egyptian prince raised an army and drove out the Hyksos Pharaoh – “great house of the king” Pharaoh – “great house of the king” Queen Hatshepsut – took over as pharaoh because her son, Thutmose III was only four at the time Queen Hatshepsut – took over as pharaoh because her son, Thutmose III was only four at the time –Became first women to be pharaoh –Built many tombs and temples throughout Egypt Thutmose III – killed mother and took over Egypt Thutmose III – killed mother and took over Egypt –Conquered Syria and combined cultures Amenhotep (Akhenaton)- (1370) wanted to end polytheism – belief in many gods Amenhotep (Akhenaton)- (1370) wanted to end polytheism – belief in many gods –Wanted people to only believe in the sun god – Aton –Moved capital from Thebes to a new city dedicated to Aton

Queen Hatshepsut – Amhenhotep

Tutankhamen – Took over next - moved the capital back to Thebes Tutankhamen – Took over next - moved the capital back to Thebes –Died very young of a fractured leg (new theory) Ramses II – wanted to return the prestige back to Egypt – ruled for 67 years! Ramses II – wanted to return the prestige back to Egypt – ruled for 67 years! –At the battle of Kadesh in 1285 B.C. Egypt and long time rival Hittites agreed to a treaty –Agreed to help each other if one of them gets invaded –After Ramses II died, Egypt was invaded by Mediterranian invaders –Kushites, Libyans and others ruled Egypt for the next couple hundred years

Tutankhamen Ramses II

Egypt Seven Categories Civilization Chart Time: 2685 B.C. – 30 B.C. Time: 2685 B.C. – 30 B.C. Location: North East Africa Location: North East Africa Major Cities: Memphis, Thebes Major Cities: Memphis, Thebes Land Forms Land Forms –Fertile land along Nile River –Nile River flows north 4,000 miles –Predictable flooding—creates rich soil –Flood– plant– harvest- flood- plant- harvest Economics/Trade Economics/Trade –Traded with Mesopotamia and up and down the Nile –Developed vast culture

Power and Authority Power and Authority –Pharaohs-leaders who were thought of as gods –Theocracy ruler is divine figure –Responsible for everything that went on—rain, sun, flood, harvest Social Structure Social Structure 1. pharaohs, queen, royal family 2. merchants, artisans, scribes 3. peasants, farmers 4. slaves (later on) - Women could own & trade property and seek divorce -People weren't held to position, could earn status if they could read and write/slaves, loyal servants Science Technology Science Technology –Developed a calendar 365 days, 12 months, 30 days each –Developed medicine and performed surgeries –Developed mathematical knowledge in adding and subtracting

Record Keeping Record Keeping –Hieroglyphics—carved pictures into wall  -- man, in time, owl (m- sound) –Rosetta stone—written Greek and in hieroglyphics Religion Religion –Polytheistic—believed in 2000 gods –Egyptians believed in afterlife—enjoyed by non-sinners