The concepts of psychology

Sigmund Freud ( ) Background Background One of eight Oldest of Mother Mother’s “Pet” Wanted to be a teacher-but was Jewish Thus, went into private practice

Freud’s Psychoanalysis: The structure of personality 1. Id - Unconscious 2. Ego - unconscious, preconscious, conscious conscious 3. Superego - unconscious, preconscious, conscious chapter 2

Freud’s Psychoanalysis: The ID Operates according to the pleasure principle Present from birth Present from birth Primitive Primitive basic needs and wants basic needs and wants 2 competing instincts: 2 competing instincts: Life (sexual) - libido Life (sexual) - libido Death (aggressive) Death (aggressive) Unconscious Unconscious chapter 2

Freud’s Psychoanalysis: The Ego Operates according to the reality principle Arises in first 3 years of life Arises in first 3 years of life Mediates between ID and Superego Mediates between ID and Superego Rational part of mind Rational part of mind you can’t always get what you want you can’t always get what you want Floats between all 3 levels of consciousness Floats between all 3 levels of consciousness chapter 2

Freud’s Psychoanalysis: The Superego Moral Conscience Develops around age 5 Develops around age 5 At end of Phallic Stage At end of Phallic Stage Stores and enforces rules Stores and enforces rules Inner voice that tells you not to do something or that what you did was wrong Inner voice that tells you not to do something or that what you did was wrong 2 subsystems: 2 subsystems: Ego Ideal = parents approve/value Ego Ideal = parents approve/value Conscience = parents disapproval Conscience = parents disapproval chapter 2

Personality development : Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Fixation occurs when the conflicts at a given stage aren’t resolved successfully Freud’s Psychosexual Stages 1. Oral (birth – 18 months) Babies learn about the world with their mouths, oral pleasures Babies learn about the world with their mouths, oral pleasures Oral fixation – preoccupation with oral activities as an adult Oral fixation – preoccupation with oral activities as an adult 2. Anal (18 months – 3 years) Control of eliminating and retaining feces, toilet training issues Control of eliminating and retaining feces, toilet training issues Anal retentive – obsession with cleanliness, perfection, control Anal retentive – obsession with cleanliness, perfection, control Anal expulsive – messy, disorganized Anal expulsive – messy, disorganized 3. Phallic (Oedipal; 3 – 5 or 6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals Pleasure zone is the genitals Oedipus complex – development of feelings for opposite sex parent and rivalry feelings towards same sex parent Oedipus complex – development of feelings for opposite sex parent and rivalry feelings towards same sex parent Boys – fear of castration; Girls – penis envy Boys – fear of castration; Girls – penis envy 4. Latency (6 – puberty) Sexual urges repressed, play with same sex peers Sexual urges repressed, play with same sex peers 5. Genital (puberty on) Leads to adult sexuality Leads to adult sexuality chapter 2

Background Background Swiss Clergy Family Dreams shaped his life “Interpretation of Dreams” Carl G. Jung ( )

Differ with Freud: Differ with Freud: De-emphasis sexuality especially infantile sexuality De-emphasis sexuality especially infantile sexuality Greater emphasis on spirituality (mystical and religious). Greater emphasis on spirituality (mystical and religious). Emphasis on cultural universals in our experience Emphasis on cultural universals in our experience

Main Theme: Main Theme: The tendency toward attainment of selfhood The tendency toward attainment of selfhood Balance between opposing forces of personality Balance between opposing forces of personality Main Aspects: Main Aspects: Self–the integrated personality Self–the integrated personality All of the individual’s qualities and potentials All of the individual’s qualities and potentials Conglomeration of all the opposing forces Conglomeration of all the opposing forces Motivates person to wholeness Motivates person to wholeness

Individuation process-conglomeration of all the processes Individuation process-conglomeration of all the processes Psyche - thoughts, feelings, behavior, conscious, unconscious Psyche - thoughts, feelings, behavior, conscious, unconscious Helps us adapt to social and physical environment Helps us adapt to social and physical environment Strives for wholeness Strives for wholeness Compensation – relationship of conscious and unconscious Compensation – relationship of conscious and unconscious Need both Need both

Individuation–restoring wholeness to the psyche in adult development–mid life– becoming a fully developed person with all psychic functions developed Individuation–restoring wholeness to the psyche in adult development–mid life– becoming a fully developed person with all psychic functions developed Transcendent Function–integration of all opposing aspects of personality into a unified whole. Transcendent Function–integration of all opposing aspects of personality into a unified whole. The integration of the already differentiate systems of personality The integration of the already differentiate systems of personality

Ego: Ego: Conscious - individualistic mind Conscious - individualistic mind Differentiation Differentiation Gatekeeper - Selective Gatekeeper - Selective Directs business of everyday life Directs business of everyday life Sense of identity and continuity Sense of identity and continuity Personal Unconscious: Personal Unconscious: Preconscious and unconscious Preconscious and unconscious Defenses Defenses Develops out of learning and experience Develops out of learning and experience

Complexes - a cluster of ideas Complexes - a cluster of ideas Strong emotional content Strong emotional content Preoccupied–obsession Preoccupied–obsession Interferes with normal functioning Interferes with normal functioning Generally healthy - unhealthy in overuse Generally healthy - unhealthy in overuse Individualistic Individualistic

Collective Unconscious: Collective Unconscious: Most unique contribution to personality theory–most important Most unique contribution to personality theory–most important Communal, species memory–represents accumulated culture of humankind (even subhuman life). Lodged in psyche at birth Communal, species memory–represents accumulated culture of humankind (even subhuman life). Lodged in psyche at birth Due to genetic inheritance Due to genetic inheritance Not inherit specific memories/ predispositions inherited Not inherit specific memories/ predispositions inherited

Achieves consciousness through dreams and psychosis Achieves consciousness through dreams and psychosis Includes the archetypes Includes the archetypes Similar for all Similar for all Younger generations have more Collective Unconscious. Younger generations have more Collective Unconscious. Why? Why?

Archetypes: Archetypes: Dominants/Primordial images - thought forms from past Dominants/Primordial images - thought forms from past Common experiences Common experiences Psychic Instincts Psychic Instincts They have both positive and negative aspects about them They have both positive and negative aspects about them Determines, in part, perceptions Determines, in part, perceptions Psychosis Psychosis

Shadow-animalistic possibilities Shadow-animalistic possibilities Most powerful/dangerous Most powerful/dangerous Sexuality/aggression Sexuality/aggression Leads to vitality and passion Leads to vitality and passion Freud? Freud? Anima - feminine possibility in man Anima - feminine possibility in man Animus - masculine possibility in women Animus - masculine possibility in women Help understand opposite sex Help understand opposite sex Freud? Freud?

Persona - Conventional mask adopted in face of social pressures – how society expects us to act Persona - Conventional mask adopted in face of social pressures – how society expects us to act Freud? Freud?

The Great Mother–ancestral experience of being raised by mothers. The Great Mother–ancestral experience of being raised by mothers. The Spiritual Father–wise old man The Spiritual Father–wise old man The Hero–special forces allows to beat tough opponents The Hero–special forces allows to beat tough opponents The Trickster–ultimately brings about positive results The Trickster–ultimately brings about positive results Mandela–archetype of order Mandela–archetype of order Transformation–alchemists Transformation–alchemists

Synchronicity–meaningful coincidence Synchronicity–meaningful coincidence Phenomena which seem logically to be coincidental have connections that feel meaningful. Phenomena which seem logically to be coincidental have connections that feel meaningful. Psychic Energy–life energy Psychic Energy–life energy Psychic value–cathexed energy in an object Psychic value–cathexed energy in an object

Principle of equivalence - if value of any aspect of personality increases\decreases will be compensated by opposite shift in another aspect Principle of equivalence - if value of any aspect of personality increases\decreases will be compensated by opposite shift in another aspect Principle of entropy–the distribution of energy in the personality seeks an equilibrium or balance Principle of entropy–the distribution of energy in the personality seeks an equilibrium or balance Energy never lost, just transferred Energy never lost, just transferred

Development: Development: No real stages per se. No real stages per se. Causality - influence on behavior from past Causality - influence on behavior from past Teleology - influence on behavior due to the anticipated future Teleology - influence on behavior due to the anticipated future Psychological Types Psychological Types Person’s grouping based upon the three major dimensions of personality–eight different psychetypes based one the two attitudes and the four functions. Person’s grouping based upon the three major dimensions of personality–eight different psychetypes based one the two attitudes and the four functions.

Fundamental Attitudes: Fundamental Attitudes: Introversion (inner world) versus Extraversion (outer world) Introversion (inner world) versus Extraversion (outer world) Dominant Functions: Dominant Functions: Thinking–intellectual and rational versus Feeling–evaluation and rational Thinking–intellectual and rational versus Feeling–evaluation and rational Sensing–reality and irrational versus Intuition-- perception via unconscious processes and irrational Sensing–reality and irrational versus Intuition-- perception via unconscious processes and irrational

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