Section 1: Scientific Method 1

Parts of the scientific method 2 1)____________: (quantitative / qualitative) Information gathered by using the senses. 2) hypothesis: (__________ guess) Testable explanation for an observation. 3) _________: logical statement about what will happen if the hypothesis is correct. 4) experiment / _______collection: (dependent / independent _____________) Procedure used to test a hypothesis under controlled conditions. Data: information that a scientist gathers during an experiment (often numeric) 4) _____________ Results: (peer review before publication) Scientists publish their results to share what they learned with other scientists.

Scientific Method Correlation _________ : using the associations between two or more events – used when an experiment cannot. Graphs : often used by scientists to ________ relationships or trends in the data. ex. _____ graph (used for comparing data) Two Types of Observations: ___________ : measured or counted – must contain a number. ex. 22 mL or 75° C Qualitative: descriptive that doesn’t contain a _______. ex. Color, shape, texture 3

1. What is the most likely size predictable for a mussel randomly drawn from this population? a mmb. 45 – 49 mm c mmd. 70 – 74 mm 4 The bar graph below shows the distribution of lengths in a population of dwarf wedge mussels. Use this graph to answer the following question. (X- axis: length in mm ; y-axis: # of mussels)

Parts of an Experiment _________: the factor of interest. -scientist usually study two groups or situations at a time. -the variable studied is the only difference between the groups. ___________ Group : the group that receives the experimental treatment. Control Group : the group that does not receive the __________ treatment. Independent Variable : the variable being _______. The part of the experiment that is ___________ by the experimenter. Dependent Variable: the variable being __________ in response to the variable being tested. 5

Scientific Method Continued __________: Is drawn after a scientist analyzes the collected data and is compared to the ____________. Repeating experiments: looking for the reliability of their ___________. Organizing and Analyzing Data: ________ Data tables Graphic _________ 6

Scientific Method Question 1: In an experiment, the experimental treatment differs from the control treatment only in the _________ being studied. a. experiment b. variablec. hypothesis d. data Question 2: Why is it important to use unbiased methods in scientific research? a. Unbiased methods are more persuasive to the public. b. Unbiased methods produce more data that biased methods. c. Unbiased methods are easier to develop than biased methods. d. Unbiased methods help scientists to better characterize the natural world. 7

Scientific Habits of Mind _______ : Good scientists are endlessly curious. Skepticism : Good scientists tend to be ________ (they don’t believe everything they’re told) Openness to New _______: Always keep an open mind about how the world _______. Intellectual _______ : Being willing to accept the _________ was not correct if the data doesn’t support it. Imagination and __________ : The ability to see patterns where others do not or to imagine __________ others cannot. 8

Skepticism What attribute of a skeptic contribute to a good scientific mind? a. willingness to travel b. empathetic nature c. desire to construct experiments d. continual questioning of observations 9

Section 2: Statistics and Models 10

How Scientist Use Statistics ___________: the collection and classification of data that are in the form of numbers. Statistical __________: A group of similar things that a scientist is interested in learning about. The __________ : The number obtained by adding the data for a characteristic and _______ this sum by the number of ____________. 11

How Scientist Use Statistics What is the Probability __________: the relative arrangement of the members of a statistical ________. bell-shaped curve: (_________ distribution) the data are grouped symmetrically around the ________. Probability: The ______ that something will happen. Sample: A ______ of individuals or events selected to represent the __________. ________ Size : the number of objects or events sampled. 12

Statistics and Models _______: the probability of an unwanted outcome. Most people overestimate the ______ of sensational environmental issues (ex. radioactive waste) and underestimate the risk of __________ issues (ex. Global climate change and water pollution) Models (Climate model of Earth) _________: representations of objects or systems. 4 Types of Models _________ Models:are 3-D models you can touch. Graphical Models:______ and charts. ________ Models:a verbal or graphical explanation of how a system works or is organized. (flow-chart) Mathematical Models: __________ that represent the way a system or process works. 13

Section 3: Making Informed Decisions 14

Making Informed Decisions Values Decision-Making Model ______: principals or standards we consider __________. Decision-_______ Model Is a conceptual model that provides a systematic ___________ for making decisions. How to Use It:  Gather ___________  Consider Values  ________ Consequences  Make a Decision 15

Values That Affect Environmental Decision Making Aesthetic: what is _________ or pleasing. _________: the gain or loss of money or jobs. Environmental: the _________ of natural resources. Educational: the accumulation and ________ of knowledge. Social/_________ : the maintenance of human communities and their __________ and traditions. Recreational : human ____________activities 16