1. Image and Activity Bank Standardized Test Prep
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2. Chapter 2 Table of Contents Section 1 Scientific Methods
Tools of Environmental Science
Table of Contents
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Section 3 Making Informed Decisions

3. A. The Scientific Method
1a. State the problem- from your Observations
2a. Hypothesis – Educated Explanation
3a. Experiment – To test the Hypothesis
4a. Collect Data and Analyze- using graphs and tables
5a. Draw Conclusions- was your hypothesis correct?

4. 1.Controls- factors that stay the same in an experiment
2.Independent Variable- variable that changes, what you test
3.Dependent Variable- outcome of the experiment, response
4. Observation collecting data by using your senses.. first step of the experimental method.
Observations can take many forms, including descriptions, drawings, photographs, and measurements.

5. Hypothesizing and Predicting
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Hypothesizing and Predicting
A hypothesis is not merely a guess.
A good hypothesis should make logical sense and follow from what you already know about the situation.

6. Hypothesizing and Predicting
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Hypothesizing and Predicting
5. Predictions advanced statement of what you think will happen.
A prediction is used to test a hypothesis.

7. Chapter 2 Experimenting
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Experimenting
An experiment is performed when questions that arise from observations cannot be answered with additional observations.
Experiments should be designed to pinpoint cause-and-effect relationships.

8. Chapter 2 Experimenting
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Experimenting
Good experiments have two essential characteristics: a single variable is tested, and a control is used.
To test for one variable, scientists usually study two groups or situations at one time, with the variable being the only difference between the two groups.

9. 6. The experimental group – group in which something is changed.
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Experimenting
6. The experimental group – group in which something is changed.
7. The control group that serves as a comparison

10. Organizing and Analyzing Data
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Organizing and Analyzing Data
8. Data is any pieces of information acquired through observation or experimentation.
Organizing data into tables and graphic illustrations helps scientists analyze the data and explain the data clearly to others.
Graphs are often used by scientists to display relationships or trends in the data.

11. Organizing and Analyzing Data
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Organizing and Analyzing Data
Bar graphs are useful for comparing the data for several things in one graph.

12. Organizing and Analyzing Data
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Organizing and Analyzing Data
Graphing the information makes the trends presented in tables easier to see.

13. The Correlation Method
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
The Correlation Method
The Scientists concluded that the settlers may have been the victims of unfortunate timing.

14. Imagination and Creativity
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Imagination and Creativity
An example being when John Snow created a spot map which effectively pinpointed the source of a Cholera epidemic in 1854.

15. How Scientists use Statistics
Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
How Scientists use Statistics
9. Statistics is the collection and classification of data that are in the form of numbers.
Scientists rely on and use statistics to summarize, characterize, analyze, and compare data.
Statistics is actually a branch of mathematics that provides scientists with important tools for analyzing and understanding their data.

16. Chapter 2 What is the Average?
Section 2 Statistics and Models
What is the Average?
Statistical populations are composed of similar individuals, but these individuals often have different characteristics.
10. A mean is the number obtained by adding up the data for a given characteristic and dividing this sum by the number of individuals.
The mean provides a single numerical measure for a population and allows for easy comparison.

17. Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Distribution
11. Distribution is the relative arrangement of the members of a statistical population, and is usually shown in a graph.
The graphs of many characteristics of populations, such as the heights of people, form bell-shaped curves.
A bell shaped curve indicates a normal distribution where the data is grouped symmetrically around the mean.

18. Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Distribution

19. What is the Probability?
Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
What is the Probability?
12. Probability is the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event
Probability is usually expressed as a number between 0 and 1 and written as a decimal rather than as a fraction.
However, there must be a large enough sample size in order to obtain accurate results.

20. 13. Risk is the probability of an unwanted outcome.
Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Thinking About Risk
13. Risk is the probability of an unwanted outcome.
People often worry about big oil spills, but as the pie chart below shows, there is a much greater risk of oil pollution from everyday sources.

21. Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Thinking About Risk

22. Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Models
14. Models are patterns, plans, representations, or descriptions designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system or concept.
Scientists use several different types of models to help them learn about our environment.

23. Chapter 2 Physical Models
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Physical Models
Physical models are three-dimensional models you can touch.
Their most important feature is that they closely resemble the object or system they represent, although they may be larger or smaller.
The most useful models teach scientists something new and help to further other discoveries.

24. Chapter 2 Physical Models
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Physical Models
One of the most famous physical models was used to discover the structure of DNA.
The structural model was built based on the size, shape, and bonding qualities of DNA.
The pieces of the model put together helped the scientist figure out the potential structure of DNA.
Discovering the structure led the the understanding of DNA replication.

25. Chapter 2 Graphical Models
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Graphical Models
Maps and charts are the most common examples of graphical models.
Scientists use graphical models to show things such as the position of the starts, the amount of forest cover in a given area, and the depth of the water in a river or along a coast.

26. Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Conceptual Model

27. Values and the Environment
Section 3 Making Informed Decisions
Chapter 2
Values and the Environment
Scientific research is an essential first step in solving environmental problems.
However, before research can begin, an examination of values is usually needed.
15. Values are principles or standards that an individual considers to be important.
There are many values that affect environmental decision making.

28. 16. Values that Affect Environmental Decision Making
Section 3 Making Informed Decisions
Chapter 2
16. Values that Affect Environmental Decision Making

29. A Hypothetical Situation
Section 3 Making Informed Decisions
Chapter 2
A Hypothetical Situation
Several groups join together to propose that the county buy several hundred acres of land where the birds are known to breed and save the land as a nature preserve.

30. Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Bellringer

31. Rainfall and Tree Ring Width
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Rainfall and Tree Ring Width

32. John Snow’s Cholera Spot Map
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
John Snow’s Cholera Spot Map

33. Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Bellringer

34. Size Distribution of Dwarf Wedge Mussels
Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Size Distribution of Dwarf Wedge Mussels

35. Conceptual Model of Mercury Contamination
Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Conceptual Model of Mercury Contamination

36. Section 3 Making Informed Decisions
Chapter 2
Bellringer

37. Chapter 2 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. How would a scientist categorize a testable explanation for an observation?
A. a correlation
B. an experiment
C. an hypothesis
D. a prediction

38. Chapter 2 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. How would a scientist categorize a testable explanation for an observation?
A. a correlation
B. an experiment
C. an hypothesis
D. a prediction

39. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. What happens when an observation is submitted for peer review?
F. The article is proofread before it is published.
G. A professor gives a lecture based on a published article.
H. The results are looked at closely by other scientific experts.
I. Information on the experimental design is included in published works.

40. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. What happens when an observation is submitted for peer review?
F. The article is proofread before it is published.
G. A professor gives a lecture based on a published article.
H. The results are looked at closely by other scientific experts.
I. Information on the experimental design is included in published works.

41. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following is an example of a scientist’s physical model?
A. a crash-test dummy for a car company
B. a diagram of the structure of an atom
C. a map of Denver, Colorado
D. a satellite image of South America

42. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following is an example of a scientist’s physical model?
A. a crash-test dummy for a car company
B. a diagram of the structure of an atom
C. a map of Denver, Colorado
D. a satellite image of South America

43. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What attribute of a skeptic would contribute to a good scientific mind?
F. willingness to travel
G. an empathetic nature
H. desire to conduct experiments
I. continually questioning observations

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What attribute of a skeptic would contribute to a good scientific mind?
F. willingness to travel
G. an empathetic nature
H. desire to conduct experiments
I. continually questioning observations

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use this map to answer question 5 through 8.

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. What type of distribution does this bell-shaped curve depict?
A. asymmetric
B. correlative
C. normal
D. random

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. What type of distribution does this bell-shaped curve depict?
A. asymmetric
B. correlative
C. normal
D. random

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. How many mussels are less than 25 mm in length?
F. 6
G. 9
H. 12
I. 15

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. How many mussels are less than 25 mm in length?
F. 6
G. 9
H. 12
I. 15

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. Determine the total size of this statistical population of dwarf wedge mussels.
A. 60
B. 70
C. 80
D. 90

51. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. Determine the total size of this statistical population of dwarf wedge mussels.
A. 60
B. 70
C. 80
D. 90

52. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. What is the most likely size predictable for a mussel randomly drawn from this population?
F. 15–20 mm
G. 25–30 mm
H. 30–35 mm
I. 40–45 mm

53. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 2
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. What is the most likely size predictable for a mussel randomly drawn from this population?
F. 15–20 mm
G. 25–30 mm
H. 30–35 mm
I. 40–45 mm

54. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Image and Activity Bank

55. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Image and Activity Bank

56. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Image and Activity Bank

57. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Image and Activity Bank

58. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 2
Section 1 Scientific Methods
Image and Activity Bank

59. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
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60. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
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61. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
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62. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Image and Activity Bank

63. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 2
Section 2 Statistics and Models
Image and Activity Bank

64. Image and Activity Bank
Section 3 Making Informed Decisions
Chapter 2
Image and Activity Bank

65. Image and Activity Bank
Section 3 Making Informed Decisions
Chapter 2
Image and Activity Bank

66. Image and Activity Bank
Section 3 Making Informed Decisions
Chapter 2
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67. Image and Activity Bank
Section 3 Making Informed Decisions
Chapter 2
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