1. Tools of Environmental Science
Chapter 2

2. The Scientific method Observation Hypothesis Prediction Experiment
Organize and Analyze
Conclude
Repeat experiment
Communicate results

3. What is the difference between a Hypothesis and a Prediction?
Testable explanation for an observation.
More than a guess.
Should be logical.
Should be based off of previous knowledge.
A logical statement about what will happen if the hypothesis is correct.

4. Two characteristics of a good experiment:
Tests a single variable.
A control is used.

5. Variables:
Independent: this is the variable adjusted by the experimenter.
Dependent: this is the variable that adjusts in response to the independent variable.
Example if we were to test miracle grow on plants we (the experimenter) would adjust the amount of miracle grow. In response to that, the plant would grow.
Amount of miracle grow=independent variable (x-axis)
Amount of growth= dependent variable (y-axis)
Dependent variable
Independent variable

6. Experimental Group: The group that receives the experimental treatment (the plants receiving miracle grow)
Control: The group receiving no experimental treatment (the plants that get no miracle grow).
Constants: All the things that are the same for all of the groups (quantity of water, sunlight, amount of soil, size of pot…)

7. Lesson 2.2
Statistics and Models

8. Statistics
Collection and classification of data that are in the form of numbers.
How do scientists use statistics?
Summarize
Characterize
Analyze
Compare data
In statistical terms an average is called a mean
Distribution is the total range of numbers (ie: from inches) .
A bell shaped curve represents a normal distribution
Probability is the likelihood that an event will occur.

9. Sample size
In statistics a sample is a group of individuals or events selected to represent the population.
Sample size is very important for accuracy of results, reliability and validity.

10. Models Representations of objects and systems. Several types Physical
Graphical
Conceptual
Mathematical

11. Physical model of a sonogram/fetus
Physical Models
Three dimensional models you can touch.
Closely resemble the object or system they represent although they may be bigger or smaller.
Physical model of a sonogram/fetus

12. Star charts, maps of forest coverage, depth of water, etc.
Graphical Model
Graphs and charts.
Star charts, maps of forest coverage, depth of water, etc.

13. Conceptual models
A verbal or graphical explanation for how a system works or is organized.
Flow charts, verbal descriptions, drawings of how something works or is put together.

14. Mathematical model
One or more equations that represent the way a system or process works.

15. Making informed decisions
Lesson 2.3

16. Decision making model A systematic process for making a decision.
Gather Information
Consider Values
Explore Consequences
Make a decision