Phases of Matter and Phase Changes

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Presentation transcript:

Phases of Matter and Phase Changes Unit 7 Chapter 13

Phases of Matter Liquids and Solids Molecular Level Comparison of Gases, Liquids and Solids.

Liquid Properties Molecular Motion -Kinetic-molecular theory predicts the constant motion of the liquid particles Individual liquid molecules do not have fixed positions in the liquid. Volume - Forces of attraction between liquid particles limit their range of motion so that the particles remain closely packed in a fixed volume. Shape - Liquids can take the shape of their container

Properties of Liquids Density - Like gases, liquids can be compressed. But the change in volume for liquids is much smaller because liquid particles are already tightly packed together. Diffusion - A liquid diffuses (mix) more slowly than a gas at the same temperature, however, because intermolecular attractions interfere with the flow.

Properties of Solids Exist in ordered patterns Most solids have a crystalline shape repeated over and over Exception: Glass (considered an amorphous solid, which means that the molecules are in stuck in random positions Molecular Motion - Particles are in fixed positions so they just vibrate in place. Diffusion - Cannot diffuse (cannot mix spontaneously with other solids)

More Solid Properties Density - The particles in a solid are more closely packed than those in a liquid. Solids are usually the most dense of the three states Exception: Water Cannot be compressed – therefore they have fixed volumes.

Changes In State Solid Liquid Gas Freezing Sublimation Deposition Melting Vaporization Liquid Gas Condensation

Exothermic vs. Endothermic Exothermic Change – Heat Energy is released to the surroundings. Molecules slow down, extra energy is transferred to surrounding. Cooling phase changes are exothermic Endothermic Change – Heat energy is absorbed by the system -Molecules move faster as they absorb energy -Phase changes that require energy (or heat) are endothermic

Heating & Cooling Curve For a Pure Substance Boiling/condensation Temperature Vaporization Liquid and gas Gas heats Temperature oC Melting Solid & Liquid Liquid heats Solid heating Melting/Freezing Temperature Energy Added

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