1 Psychology 320: Gender Psychology Lecture 22. 2 Social Learning Explanations of Gender Differences: 1. What theories illustrate the social learning.

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Presentation transcript:

1 Psychology 320: Gender Psychology Lecture 22

2 Social Learning Explanations of Gender Differences: 1. What theories illustrate the social learning view? (continued)

3  Models may be “real-life” models or symbolic models. Common models include: parents. peers. toys. books. television programs. advertisements. What theories illustrate the social learning view? (continued) 1.Social Learning Theory

4 The Berenstain Bears Little Bear 24 Children, Family, and Adult TV Series Desperate Housewives Flashpoint The Young and the Restless Mighty Machines The Office Sex and the City

5 Signorielli & Lears (1992), Rivadeneyra & Ward (2005): Found a positive correlation between time spent watching television and the extent to which children held gender-role stereotypes. Zurbriggen & Morgan (2006): Found a positive correlation between frequency of watching reality dating programs and traditional attitudes regarding heterosexual romantic relationships.

6 Reality Shows America’s Next Top Model The Bachelor The Bachelorette

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8 Coltrane & Messineo (2000): Found that men were more likely than women to be depicted as aggressive and instrumental and women were more likely to be depicted as sex objects or in domestic settings.

9 % Percentage of Characters in Commercials by Sex, Activity and Race (Coltrane & Messineo, 2000)

10 2. Socialization (Operant Conditioning) Theory  Maintains that the characteristics of females and males diverge because they are reinforced and punished by their caregivers and peers for exhibiting different characteristics.

11  Many studies have documented the differential patterns of reinforcement and punishment of females and males by caregivers and peers. Moreover, a number of these studies have demonstrated the influence of reinforcement and punishment on the behaviour of females and males. Examples:  Theorists distinguish between two types of reinforcement and two types of punishment: Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.

12 Raag & Rackliff (1998): Found that boys were more likely than girls to say that their fathers would think cross-gender-typed play was “bad.” Moreover, found that boys’ perceptions of their father’s expectations influenced their toy choice.

13 Perceptions of Social Expectations Regarding Gender-Typed Play (Raag & Rackliff, 1998) Source Response Category GoodBadDoesn’t matter Mother Boys Girls Father Boys Girls

14 Perceptions of Social Expectations Regarding Cross-Gender-Typed Play (Raag & Rackliff, 1998) Source Response Category GoodBadDoesn’t matter Mother Boys Girls Father Boys Girls

15 Mean Time (seconds) Boys Played With Tool Set as a Function of Perceptions of Father’s Expectations Regarding Cross-Gender-Typed Play (Raag and Rackliff, 1998)

16 Mean Time (seconds) Boys Played With Dish Set as a Function of Perceptions of Father’s Expectations Regarding Cross-Gender-Typed Play (Raag and Rackliff, 1998)

17 Lamb, Easterbrooks, & Holden (1980): Found that, with respect to teachers and peers: (a) Boys and girls were more likely to be reinforced for gender-role congruent activities than gender-role incongruent activities. Types of peer-reinforcement identified: praise, join play, imitation, approval, observe, comply, covet toy. (b) Boys and girls were more likely to be punished for gender-role incongruent activities than gender-role congruent activities. Types of peer-punishment identified: criticize, divert, abandon play, disapproval, disrupt activity.

18 (c) Boys and girls continued gender-role congruent activities that had been reinforced for a longer duration than gender-role incongruent activities that had been punished. (d) Older children were more likely than younger children to engage in intentional punishment (e.g., criticism, disapproval) of peers for gender-role incongruent activities. (e) Boys were more likely than girls to receive intentional punishment from other boys and girls for gender-role incongruent activities.

19 Social Learning Explanations of Gender Differences: 1. What theories illustrate the social learning view? (continued)