CP PSYCHOLOGY CP PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 2 Learning Theories.

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CP PSYCHOLOGY CP PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 2 Learning Theories

Operant Conditioning (2Q2) operates Operant Conditioning: learning from the consequences of behavior (operates on the environment) BF Skinner is most closely associated with this system of rewards and punishments

Operant Conditioning (2Q2) Reinforcement: an event or stimulus that increases the chance a recent behavior will be repeated Schedules of Reinforcement: The timing and frequency of reinforcement Continuous Schedule: reinforces every time the desired behavior occurs Skinner Box

Operant Conditioning (2Q2) Partial Schedule: reinforcing behavior intermittently to make it more predictable and last longer Four Basic Partial Schedules: Two based on time intervals, two based on number of responses - Fixed-Ratio Schedule: reinforcement depends on a fixed quantity of responses - Variable-Ratio Schedule: number of responses required varies from one time to the next - Fixed-Interval Schedule: reinforces the first response after a fixed time has elapsed - Variable-Interval Schedule: the time at which reinforcement becomes available changes

Operant Conditioning (2Q2) Effects of Different Reinforcement Schedules - Fixed-Ratio: Organism responds at high steady rate … Ex. Piecework type jobs - Variable-Ratio: Organism responds at very high rate. Hard to extinguish. Ex. Gamblers in Casino - Fixed-Interval: Slow, steady responding … gets faster near reinforcement time. Ex. Schoolwork - Variable-Interval: Slowest but steady responding … doesn’t vary much over time. Ex.

Operant Conditioning (2Q2) Variable Interval Number of responses Time (minutes) Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Steady responding Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 80

Operant Conditioning (2Q2) Primary Reinforcer: satisfies a basic, natural need, such as hunger, thirst etc. Secondary Reinforcer: a conditioned reinforcer that was previously a neutral stimulus Stimuli associated with rewards or punishments often become signals for particular behavior

Operant Conditioning (2Q2) Aversive Control: unpleasant events or consequences are used to influence behavior Negative Reinforcement: Painful/unpleasant stimulus is removed or not applied in order to elicit behavior Escape Conditioning: Correct behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop Avoidance Conditioning: Correct behavior prevents unpleasant stimulus from being applied

Operant Conditioning (2Q2)

Punishment: Unpleasant consequence is applied in order to decrease or eliminate undesired behavior Punishment can produce unwanted side effects such as rage, aggression and fear.

Operant Conditioning (2Q2)