Chapter 12

Section 1

: Reconstruction Confederate states welcomed back Andrew Johnson: Vice President Lincoln, Johnson, Congress Different views on Reconstruction Lincoln: Conf. states never left Union Secession is unconstitutional Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan: Pardon all Confederates Except high ranking officials Radical republicans upset

Small group of Reps. in Congress Led by Charles Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens Supported abolitionism Wanted to ensure African American rights No political power for slaveholders

Opposition to Lincoln’s plan Congress to handle Reconstruction Lincoln puts down bill Pocket veto Congress outraged Standoff w/ Lincoln

Despised wealthy southerners Opposed radicals Presidential Reconstruction Continues Lincoln’s policies Did not appeal to former slaves Allowed Conf. states back into Union Pardoned all Confederates in Congress

Assisted former slaves/poor whites Gave food, clothing Set up hospitals/schools; trained teachers Congress aided this Against Johnson’s plan Johnson vetoes Freedmen’s Bureau Act

Gave citizenship to African Americans Forbade states passing black codes Blacks still oppressed Johnson also vetoes Civil Rights Act Reconstruction halts Johnson at war with Congress

Johnson’s vetoes overruled 15 of 29 Congress drafts 14 th Amendment All persons born in U.S. are citizens African Americans still can’t vote

Proposed by Congress Only recognized TN Only Conf. state to ratify 14 th Amendment 10 remaining Conf. states under military control Union generals Must ratify 14 th Amendment for readmission Again, Johnson vetoes Act Again, Congress overrides

Radicals want to rid Johnson He fired those enforcing Reconstruction Act Congress passes Tenure of Office Act Johnson fires Secretary of War Congress moves to impeach House votes to impeach Senate finds Johnson not guilty

Election of 1868: No Johnson Ulysses S. Grant wins election 500,000 Southern African American votes Southern whites want to limit black suffrage Congress drafts 15 th Amendment No persons can be kept from voting due to race or color Northerners barred blacks from voting

Section 2

Physical & economic problems $100 million + property damage South in debt $18,000/capita to $3,000 Population declined in South Taxes increase to help rebuild: Schools, hospitals, RR’s, etc.

Republicans split in South Scalawags vs. carpetbaggers vs. African Americans Scalawags: White Southerners joining Rep. Party Carpetbaggers: Northerners moved South African American voters outnumber whites

Postwar Victories Families reunited Educational opportunities 600,000 in elementary schools Form churches & volunteer groups Enter politics Hiram Revels Hesitant Can’t find families Violence Sharecropping Postwar Challenges

Promise from Sherman to freed slaves 40 acres/family + mule Johnson orders land returned to owners 44 million acres given to former slaves

Section 3

Social club in 1866 Restore white supremacy Democratic officers & former Confederate soldiers Membership spreads rapidly Becomes violent terrorist group 1868: KKK in every Southern state Even killed white southerners No blacks in politics

Grant wins 2 nd term in 1872 Appointees dishonest Mostly friends Credit Mobile Affair Money skimmed off RR contract Grant’s 1 st VP involved Schuyler Colfax Whisky Ring IRS collectors accepted bribes from whisky distillers Defrauds federal gov’t of millions of dollars

Depression across nation Northern & Southern investors borrow money Cooke’s banking firm goes bankrupt Small banks close Stock market collapse 89 RR companies went broke 1875: 18,000 companies fold 3 million lose jobs

Reconstruction comes to end Grant not running again Republican: Rutherford B. Hayes Democrat: Samuel J. Tilden Tilden falls 1 vote short 20 electoral votes disputed “Corrupt” commission elects Hayes House of Reps = Democrats Approve Hayes as President Reconstruction ends