ITALY 1815-1870

The Congress of Vienna (1815) Returns Northern Italy to the Austrian Empire (Milan, Venetia, Tuscany) The rest of Italy is Fragmented into a number of different states. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of Sardinia – Piedmont Papal States, Savoy, Nice, & Others … Creates Concert of Europe

The Unification of Italy

The Fathers of Italian Nationalism

Risorgimento Name given to the nationalist movement in Italy Italian word meaning “Resurgence” This movement grew throughout the early 1800s

Giuseppe Mazzini Involved in Revolutionary CARBONARI in 1820s In 1831, Mazzini called for all Italian patriots to join his YOUNG ITALY MOVEMENT. YOUNG ITALY began as a system of secret societies and was dedicated to spreading the Risorgimento. “Neither pope nor king, but rather a Republic should rule Italy.”

1848 Revolutions Liberals and nationalists lead revolts in several of the Italians states. Constitutions were established in 3 of the Italian states. [T, 2S, PS] Revolutionaries seize Rome in spring of 1849 Monarchs regain control by July, 1849, and throw out the new constitutions SARDINIA is the only Italian state to keep their independence.

Camillo Benso Di Cavour Prime Minister of Sardinia 1852 - Appointed as Prime Minister of Sardinia A Monarchist, yet liberal Believed in REALPOLITIK (Machiavellian politics) Helped to reform economy and agriculture of Sardinia Built Railroads Supported free trade

Crimean War 1854-1856 Russia tries to seize Ottoman territory Britain and France step in to help the Ottomans WHY do you think Britain & France step in? Sardinia joins in and supports Britain and France No territory won, but powers take notice of Sardinia We’ll talk about this in more detail next class

A Secret Deal at Plombiérès Cavour negotiates a secret deal with Napoleon III Napoleon III promised to aid Sardinia if they ever faced war with Austria In return, Sardinia agrees to give France Savoy and Nice The next year, Cavour provoked that war… Napoleon III Cavour

War with Austria In 1859, Sardinia began to prepare for war, and in response, Austria declared war Sardinian & French troops drove Austria out of Lombardy and Venetia Italian patriots (nationalists) in other areas overthrew their Austrian rulers and asked to be annexed into Sardinia

Surprise!! Napoleon III hadn’t expected the Italians to band together like this. Fearing that Prussia would get involved, Napoleon III signs a treaty with Austria According to this treaty, Sardinia gets to keep Lombardy, but the rest went back to Austria.

Giuseppe Garibaldi Soldier,Patriot, “Hero of the Two Worlds” Born in Nice (1807) Joined YOUNG ITALY Devoted to Italian Freedom 1834 – Sentenced to death and fled to South America Spent 14 years in exile (Brazil & Uruguay) learned art of guerrilla warfare. Returned for 1848 Rev., When Rome fell… exile -- NYC SA.

Giuseppe & Anita Garibaldi Statue located in Porto Alegre, Brazil

The “Red Shirts” HOWEVER… A volunteer army formed by Garibaldi Fought for Italian Unity and Independence In the spring of 1860, Garibaldi led his “Expedition of the Thousand” Captured the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Continued north and captured Naples Wanted to continue on to take Rome HOWEVER…

Cavour stopped him Garibaldi was becoming very popular Cavour feared that he would try to displace Victor Emmanuel as Italy’s leader Cavour sent an army south to stop Garibaldi Along the way, annexing most of the Papal States Cavour’s army defeated the Red Shirts, and Garibaldi was pardoned.

An Important Meeting Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II meet in Naples in the Fall of 1860 Garibaldi agrees to support the new Kingdom of Italy, with Victor Emmanuel II as King He asked only to serve as governor (aka dictator) of Naples … The king refuses. He is afraid of Garibaldi’s popularity.

Unification In 1860, nearly all (all but Rome and Venetia) of the Italian regions held plebiscites They voted overwhelmingly to unify under the King of Sardinia 1866 – annexed Venetia through war with Austria 1870 – Rome voted to join the Kingdom of Italy

Problems They’d been ruled for so long, few Italians had any experience with governing themselves Tensions grew between the industrializing north and the agricultural south… (Sound familiar???) Standard of Living was low in most areas Labor problems arose (Industrialization)

Attempts to build an Empire 1880’s – several military ventures in Africa (largely unsuccessful) 1911 – A brief war with the Ottoman Empire (Brought very little gain) 1912 – Conquers Libya (This strengthens Italy’s position in the Mediterranean) 1914 – WWI Begins