The Cold War and Foreign Policy ( ) Unit VIIA AP U.S. History

Fundamental Questions  Discuss the United States as a global superpower from  Analyze the government response to American foreign developments.  Analyze how the American public responded to foreign developments.

Understanding the Cold War  After WWII, the traditional powers of the world regressed and the United States and the Soviet Union arose as the dominant superpowers.  Both nations were polar opposites in ideologies.  Soviet Union = communism, police state  United States = capitalism, democracy  The relationship began under mistrust and tensions increased as time moved on.  Cold War meant a “war of words” rather than outright conflict  However, the Cold War includes episodes of “hot” conflicts in various regions around the world.

United Nations  General Assembly  Member nations convened to develop a postwar world to combat global issues while respecting sovereignty and peace.  Security Council  15-member body to authorize peacekeeping and promote international security  Permanent Members  United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, China  Resolutions must be unanimous

United Nations UN Headquarters in New York

Iron Curtain  German Occupation Zones  Allies agreed to occupy Germany between U.S., Great Britain, France, and Soviet Union  Soviet Union transformed its German Zone into Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany) as communist state  West German occupation zones became Federal Republic of Germany as pro-capitalist state  Eastern Europe  Soviet Union did not withdraw its troops from occupied Eastern Europe  Virtually forced communist regimes on Eastern European nations  Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” dividing Europe between capitalist democracies and communist satellites of Soviet Union

German Occupation Zones Europe’s Iron Curtain BLUE = democratic/capitalist RED = communist regimes

Containment  Secretary of State George Marshall developed a policy of containing communist aggression  Truman Doctrine  Economic and military aid for nations threatened by communist aggression  Marshall Plan  European Recovery Program  $17 billion to develop, re-develop, and sustain war-ravaged European nations and prevent communist uprisings  Berlin Airlift ( )  U.S. planes dropped humanitarian aid to West Berlin after Soviets closes off access to the city  NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)  Permanent military alliance of U.S., Western Europe to defend each other  Warsaw Pact - Soviet Union version of NATO

Berlin Airlift

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

Arms Race Begins  National Security Act (1947)  Expanded and centralized Department of Defense  National Security Council  Central Intelligence Agency  Nuclear weapon development  U.S. continued to develop its nuclear arsenal  In 1949, Russians possess nuclear weapon capabilities  NSC-68  Significantly increase DOD spending  Form more permanent alliances  Convince the American public to support the policies

Arms Race

Korean Conflict ( )  Korean peninsula divided between communist North and democratic South  North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950  United Nations and Truman sent peacekeeping troops to police the situation  General Douglas MacArthur launched successful counterattack but repulsed to 38th parallel by Chinese support troops  Armistice (1953)  38th parallel: Communist North and Democratic South  Truman win/lose  Containment worked  “soft on Communism”

Korean Conflict

Cold War in America Second Red Scare  Loyalty Review Board  Investigate federal employees as spies  Dennis et al v. United States  Upheld prohibition advocating violent overthrow of government  McCarren Internal Security Act (1950)  Prohibited support for totalitarianism, restrictions for pro- Communists groups, detention camps for subversives  House Un-American Activities Committee  Investigate Americans for pro-communist beliefs and blacklisting  Alger Hiss  Suspected spy in the Dept. of State  The Rosenbergs  Julia and Ethel convicted and executed hastily for espionage

Second Red Scare

McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare  Senator Joseph McCarthy (R)  Sensationalized witch hunts  Popularity based on fear of communism infiltration in all parts of society and government  Political and public backlash for tactics

Eisenhower and the Cold War  Domino Theory  Dulles and Brinkmanship  Develop nuclear arsenal and liberate captive nations  Covert actions and infiltrations  Regional Cold War Developments  Vietnam  Split of Communist North and pro-U.S. South  Cuba  Fidel Castro seizes power in 1959 and relations with Soviet Union  Eisenhower Doctrine  Extension of Truman Doctrine in the Middle East  Soviet Relations  “Atoms for Peace” (1953)  Nuclear technology focus on peaceful uses rather than warfare  Sputnik (1957)  Surprise launch of Soviet satellite showed technological capability of Soviet Union  “Military-Industrial Complex”  Massive increase of military and technological developments could lead to U.S. dominated by military and corporate state

Domino Theory on Communism Sputnik Launch by Soviets Fidel Castro Riding Into Havana triumphant

Kennedy and the Cold War  Cuba  Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)  Failed CIA-backed invasion to initiate a revolution  Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)  Soviet missile bases on Cuba  U.S. naval blockade  Soviet withdrawal and Turkey withdrawal  Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)  Berlin Wall  Soviets constructed wall dividing West and East Berlin  “Ich bin ein Berliner”  Flexibile response  Develop conventional military rather than Dulles’s brinkmanship  Military Advisors in Vietnam (1963)  American troop support for South Vietnam and Diem  Peace Corps  Volunteer organization for developing nations

Berlin Wall

Cuba and Kennedy Bay of Pigs Invasion Soviet Missiles in Cuba

Johnson and Vietnam  South Vietnam vs. Ho Chi Minh and Vietcong  Gulf of Tonkin (August 1964)  Incident - North Vietnamese fired upon U.S. warships  Resolution - Congress authorized combat troops through Johnson’s urging  Escalation  Operation Rolling Thunder  Troops increases from 1964 to 1969  540,000 at most during Vietnam Conflict  Hawks and Doves  Hawks - contain communist aggression  Doves - internal conflict and unpopular draft and results  Tet Offensive (January 1968)  Vietcong launch surprise attack  U.S. military victory but political and popular victory for Minh and North Vietnamese  End of Escalation  Loss of American public support and rising death toll led Johnson to cease increased troops

Vietnam and Tragedy

Space Race  Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik in 1957 and Yuri Gagarin as first person in space precipitated American fears of Soviet superiority  National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) established in 1958  Mercury Program  Alan Shepard - first American in space (1961)  John Glenn - first American to orbit Earth (1962)  Kennedy’s Race to the Moon - Apollo Program  Apollo 11 (1969)  First men on the moon solidified American superiority in space technology

“One small step for man. One giant leap for mankind.” - Neil Armstrong EPIC WIN FOR U.S.A IN SPACE RACE

Nixon and the Cold War  Henry Kissinger  Vietnam and Nixon Doctrine  Vietnamization  Gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops  Money and supplies to South Vietnam  Cambodia  Expanded bombing of Communist bases  Pentagon Papers  Published secret documents of deceptive government tactics on Vietnam  Détente  Visit to China (1972)  Virtual recognition of Communist China  Soviet Union  SALT I - freeze on ballistic nuclear missiles  War Powers Act (1973)  Use of military to Congress within 48 hours  60 days for Congress to reauthorize  OPEC’s Embargo (1973)  Support of Israel led to oil embargo by OPEC members

Ford and Carter ( )  Foreign Developments Under Ford  Fall of Saigon (1975)  Foreign Developments Under Carter  Panama Canal turned over by 2000  Camp David Accords (1978)  Peace between Egypt and Israel  Iran ( )  Shah of Iran replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini and Fundamentalists  Hostage Situation and Failed Rescue  Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)  Embargoes and boycotts by Carter  Ended détente

Americans evacuated from Saigon Camp David Accords Ayatollah Khomeini American hostages in Iran

Reagan and the Cold War  Military Buildup  Strategic Defense Initiative/Star Wars  Central America  Nicaragua - Contras vs. Sandinistas  Boland Amendment ended funding Contras (1985)  Grenada  U.S. invasion to prevent pro-Communist regime  Iran-Contra Affair  Sold Iran military weapons support  Profits used to fund Contras  Lebanon  U.S. marines sent but terrorist acts forced withdrawal  Mikhail Gorbachev  “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.”  Perestroika  Capitalist changes to Soviet economy  Glasnost  Openness and free expression

Invasion of Grenada (1983) Colonel Oliver North The man behind the Iran-Contra Affair Reagan at Brandenberg Gate Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan

Cold War Ends  Soviet Union’s transition away from Communist economy and philosophy  U.S. outspent Soviet Union  Eastern Europe Falls Away  Soviet Republics Break Away  Soviet Union dissolves in 1991  U.S. lone superpower by 1990s