1. The Cold War and Foreign Policy (1945-1989)
Unit VIIA
AP U.S. History

2. Fundamental Questions
Discuss the United States as a global superpower from
Analyze the government response to American foreign developments.
Analyze how the American public responded to foreign developments.

3. Understanding the Cold War
After WWII, the traditional powers of the world regressed and the United States and the Soviet Union arose as the dominant superpowers.
Both nations were polar opposites in ideologies.
Soviet Union = communism, police state
United States = capitalism, democracy
The relationship began under mistrust and tensions increased as time moved on.
Cold War meant a “war of words” rather than outright conflict
However, the Cold War includes episodes of “hot” conflicts in various regions around the world.

4. United Nations General Assembly Security Council
Member nations convened to develop a postwar world to combat global issues while respecting sovereignty and peace.
Security Council
15-member body to authorize peacekeeping and promote international security
Permanent Members
United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, China
Resolutions must be unanimous

5. United Nations
UN Headquarters in New York

6. Iron Curtain German Occupation Zones Eastern Europe
Allies agreed to occupy Germany between U.S., Great Britain, France, and Soviet Union
Soviet Union transformed its German Zone into Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany) as communist state
West German occupation zones became Federal Republic of Germany as pro-capitalist state
Eastern Europe
Soviet Union did not withdraw its troops from occupied Eastern Europe
Virtually forced communist regimes on Eastern European nations
Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” dividing Europe between capitalist democracies and communist satellites of Soviet Union

7. German Occupation Zones
Europe’s Iron Curtain
BLUE = democratic/capitalist
RED = communist regimes

8. Containment
Secretary of State George Marshall developed a policy of containing communist aggression
Truman Doctrine
Economic and military aid for nations threatened by communist aggression
Marshall Plan
European Recovery Program
$17 billion to develop, re-develop, and sustain war-ravaged European nations and prevent communist uprisings
Berlin Airlift ( )
U.S. planes dropped humanitarian aid to West Berlin after Soviets closes off access to the city
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Permanent military alliance of U.S., Western Europe to defend each other
Warsaw Pact - Soviet Union version of NATO

9. Berlin Airlift

10. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

11. Arms Race Begins National Security Act (1947)
Expanded and centralized Department of Defense
National Security Council
Central Intelligence Agency
Nuclear weapon development
U.S. continued to develop its nuclear arsenal
In 1949, Russians possess nuclear weapon capabilities
NSC-68
Significantly increase DOD spending
Form more permanent alliances
Convince the American public to support the policies

12. Arms Race

13. Korean Conflict ( )
Korean peninsula divided between communist North and democratic South
North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950
United Nations and Truman sent peacekeeping troops to police the situation
General Douglas MacArthur launched successful counterattack but repulsed to 38th parallel by Chinese support troops
Armistice (1953)
38th parallel: Communist North and Democratic South
Truman win/lose
Containment worked
“soft on Communism”

14. Korean Conflict

15. Cold War in America Second Red Scare
Loyalty Review Board
Investigate federal employees as spies
Dennis et al v. United States
Upheld prohibition advocating violent overthrow of government
McCarren Internal Security Act (1950)
Prohibited support for totalitarianism, restrictions for pro-Communists groups, detention camps for subversives
House Un-American Activities Committee
Investigate Americans for pro-communist beliefs and blacklisting
Alger Hiss
Suspected spy in the Dept. of State
The Rosenbergs
Julia and Ethel convicted and executed hastily for espionage

16. Second Red Scare

17. McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare
Senator Joseph McCarthy (R)
Sensationalized witch hunts
Popularity based on fear of communism infiltration in all parts of society and government
Political and public backlash for tactics

18. Eisenhower and the Cold War
Domino Theory
Dulles and Brinkmanship
Develop nuclear arsenal and liberate captive nations
Covert actions and infiltrations
Regional Cold War Developments
Vietnam
Split of Communist North and pro-U.S. South
Cuba
Fidel Castro seizes power in 1959 and relations with Soviet Union
Eisenhower Doctrine
Extension of Truman Doctrine in the Middle East
Soviet Relations
“Atoms for Peace” (1953)
Nuclear technology focus on peaceful uses rather than warfare
Sputnik (1957)
Surprise launch of Soviet satellite showed technological capability of Soviet Union
U-2 Incident (1960)
Soviets shot down a U-2 spy plane over Russia
Eisenhower denied the event/accusation, but Soviets published photos of the crashed plane and the captured pilot
U.S.-Soviet relations deteriorated and the U.S. lost international credibility
“Military-Industrial Complex”
Massive increase of military and technological developments could lead to U.S. dominated by military and corporate state

19. Domino Theory on Communism
Fidel Castro Riding Into
Havana triumphant
Sputnik Launch by Soviets

20. Eisenhower and the Military Industrial Complex

21. U-2 Incident (1960)

22. Kennedy and the Cold War
Cuba
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
Failed CIA-backed invasion to initiate a revolution
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Soviet missile bases on Cuba
U.S. naval blockade
Soviet withdrawal and Turkey withdrawal
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)
Berlin Wall
Soviets constructed wall dividing West and East Berlin
“Ich bin ein Berliner”
Flexibile response
Develop conventional military rather than Dulles’s brinkmanship
Military Advisors in Vietnam (1963)
American troop support for South Vietnam and Diem
Peace Corps
Volunteer organization for developing nations

23. Berlin Wall

24. Cuba and Kennedy
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Soviet Missiles in Cuba

25. "Ich Bin Ein Berliner"

26. Johnson and Vietnam South Vietnam vs. Ho Chi Minh and Vietcong
Gulf of Tonkin (August 1964)
Incident - North Vietnamese fired upon U.S. warships
Resolution - Congress authorized combat troops through Johnson’s urging
Escalation
Operation Rolling Thunder
Troops increases from 1964 to 1969
540,000 at most during Vietnam Conflict
Hawks and Doves
Hawks - contain communist aggression
Doves - internal conflict and unpopular draft and results
Tet Offensive (January 1968)
Vietcong launch surprise attack
U.S. military victory but political and popular victory for Minh and North Vietnamese
End of Escalation
Loss of American public support and rising death toll led Johnson to cease increased troops

27. Vietnam and Tragedy

28. Space Race
Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik in 1957 and Yuri Gagarin as first person in space precipitated American fears of Soviet superiority
National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) established in 1958
Mercury Program
Alan Shepard - first American in space (1961)
John Glenn - first American to orbit Earth (1962)
Kennedy’s Race to the Moon - Apollo Program
Apollo 11 (1969)
First men on the moon solidified American superiority in space technology

29. “One small step for man. One giant leap for mankind.” - Neil Armstrong
EPIC WIN
FOR U.S.A
IN SPACE RACE

30. Nixon and the Cold War Henry Kissinger Vietnam and Nixon Doctrine
Vietnamization
Gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops
Money and supplies to South Vietnam
Cambodia
Expanded bombing of Communist bases
Pentagon Papers
Published secret documents of deceptive government tactics on Vietnam
Détente
Visit to China (1972)
Virtual recognition of Communist China
Soviet Union
SALT I - freeze on ballistic nuclear missiles
War Powers Act (1973)
Use of military to Congress within 48 hours
60 days for Congress to reauthorize
OPEC’s Embargo (1973)
Support of Israel led to oil embargo by OPEC members

31. Ford and Carter (1974-1980) Foreign Developments Under Ford
Fall of Saigon (1975)
Foreign Developments Under Carter
Panama Canal turned over by 2000
Camp David Accords (1978)
Peace between Egypt and Israel
Iran ( )
Shah of Iran replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini and Fundamentalists
Hostage Situation and Failed Rescue
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
Embargoes and boycotts by Carter
Ended détente

32. Americans evacuated from Saigon
Ayatollah Khomeini
American hostages in Iran
Camp David Accords

33. Reagan and the Cold War Rollback Military Buildup
Forcibly replacing an enemy regime akin to brinkmanship under Dulles/Eisenhower
Military Buildup
Strategic Defense Initiative/Star Wars
Central America
Nicaragua - Contras vs. Sandinistas
Boland Amendment ended funding Contras (1985)
Grenada
U.S. invasion to prevent pro-Communist regime
Iran-Contra Affair
Sold Iran military weapons support
Profits used to fund Contras
Lebanon
U.S. marines sent but terrorist acts forced withdrawal
Mikhail Gorbachev
"Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall."
Perestroika
Capitalist changes to Soviet economy
Glasnost
Openness and free expression

34. Colonel Oliver North
The man behind the
Iran-Contra Affair
Invasion of Grenada (1983)
Reagan at Brandenberg Gate
Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan

35. Cold War Ends
Soviet Union’s transition away from Communist economy and philosophy
U.S. outspent Soviet Union
Eastern Europe Falls Away
Soviet Republics Break Away
Soviet Union dissolves in 1991
U.S. lone superpower by 1990s