Power of the European Monarchs

Age of Exploration Reasons for the Age of Exploration: Economic Gain Economic Gain Power Power To spread Christianity To spread Christianity Science/New Ideas Science/New Ideas Major Players: Spain (Columbus, Spain (Columbus, Magellan, Cortes) Portugal (Dias, Da Gama, Portugal (Dias, Da Gama,Cabral) England (Hudson, Cabot ) England (Hudson, Cabot )

Era of Spanish Domination Isabella and Ferdinand: Reconquered Spain from Muslims and reunified Spain under Catholic religion Reconquered Spain from Muslims and reunified Spain under Catholic religion Financed Columbus’s voyage Financed Columbus’s voyage Charles V: Expanded Spanish empire domestically and abroad Expanded Spanish empire domestically and abroad

Phillip II 1556 – 1598, most powerful monarch in Spanish history 1556 – 1598, most powerful monarch in Spanish history Strong Catholic and sought to strengthen Catholicism in Spain and in Spanish colonies Strong Catholic and sought to strengthen Catholicism in Spain and in Spanish colonies

The Spanish Armada 1588, Phillip II of Spain sent a fleet of warships to invade England 1588, Phillip II of Spain sent a fleet of warships to invade England Spain was the #1 naval power in the world— expected to easily defeat the smaller, weaker English navy Spain was the #1 naval power in the world— expected to easily defeat the smaller, weaker English navy The English navy ended up defeating the Spanish Armada, reducing the power of Spain and increasing the power of England The English navy ended up defeating the Spanish Armada, reducing the power of Spain and increasing the power of England

Reasons why Phillip II sent the Armada to invade England: Religion: Phillip was a strong Catholic. Elizabeth I posed a threat to him as a Protestant Religion: Phillip was a strong Catholic. Elizabeth I posed a threat to him as a Protestant Marriage: Phillip had been married to Mary I (Elizabeth’s half- sister). In 1559 he proposed marriage to Elizabeth but she refused. Marriage: Phillip had been married to Mary I (Elizabeth’s half- sister). In 1559 he proposed marriage to Elizabeth but she refused. Piracy: Some English sailors, such as Sir Francis Drake, had been robbing Spanish treasure ships in the New World (1570s – 1580s), with Elizabeth’s encouragement. Piracy: Some English sailors, such as Sir Francis Drake, had been robbing Spanish treasure ships in the New World (1570s – 1580s), with Elizabeth’s encouragement. Mary, Queen of Scots: Elizabeth’s decision to sign the death warrant of Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587, enormously angered Phillip. Mary, Queen of Scots: Elizabeth’s decision to sign the death warrant of Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587, enormously angered Phillip. French Civil War: France was a traditional enemy of both England and Spain and both countries had united against France in the past. In 1563 civil war broke out in France, meaning the country was no longer a threat to either England or Spain for the next 30 years. French Civil War: France was a traditional enemy of both England and Spain and both countries had united against France in the past. In 1563 civil war broke out in France, meaning the country was no longer a threat to either England or Spain for the next 30 years. Elizabeth and the Netherlands: In 1588, Elizabeth sent an army to help the Dutch who faced defeat by the Spanish. For the first time England and Spain were actually fighting each other. Elizabeth and the Netherlands: In 1588, Elizabeth sent an army to help the Dutch who faced defeat by the Spanish. For the first time England and Spain were actually fighting each other.

The Tudor Dynasty Henry VII: First Tudor Monarch, Strengthened England’s position in the world by: expanding foreign trade and improving diplomacy Strengthened England’s position in the world by: expanding foreign trade and improving diplomacy Henry VIII: 1509 – 1547 Formed the (Protestant) Church of England, Founded the Royal Navy Formed the (Protestant) Church of England, Founded the Royal Navy Edward VI: 1547 – 1553 Died at age 15 of TB Died at age 15 of TB Mary I: Known as “Bloody Mary” for persecuting Protestants, married to Phillip II of Spain Known as “Bloody Mary” for persecuting Protestants, married to Phillip II of Spain

Queen Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) Regarded as one of the greatest leaders in English history (1558 – 1603) Regarded as one of the greatest leaders in English history Never married and therefore ended the Tudor Dynasty upon her death Never married and therefore ended the Tudor Dynasty upon her death Was a Protestant and strengthened the Church of England Was a Protestant and strengthened the Church of England After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, England became the leading force in Europe, under Elizabeth’s rule After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, England became the leading force in Europe, under Elizabeth’s rule The Elizabethan era is considered the “golden age” of England The Elizabethan era is considered the “golden age” of England

The French Monarchs Henry IV: 1589 – 1610, First in the Bourbon Dynasty Issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, granting religious freedom to Protestants, ending a long civil war Issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, granting religious freedom to Protestants, ending a long civil war Cardinal Richelieu: (advisor for Louis XIII) wanted to strengthen power of France by building up the economy and military wanted to strengthen power of France by building up the economy and military

Louis XIV 1643 – 1715, most powerful and longest ruling Bourbon monarch 1643 – 1715, most powerful and longest ruling Bourbon monarch Known as the “Sun King” because he felt France should revolve around him Known as the “Sun King” because he felt France should revolve around him Emphasized a strong monarchy and ruled as an absolute monarch Emphasized a strong monarchy and ruled as an absolute monarch Moved his palace from Paris to Versailles to show power and wealth Moved his palace from Paris to Versailles to show power and wealth Taxes: lower class people paid the majority of taxes, while nobility and clergy paid little—created great economic and social problems in France Taxes: lower class people paid the majority of taxes, while nobility and clergy paid little—created great economic and social problems in France 1685, repealed the Edict of Nantes and forced everyone in France to become Catholic 1685, repealed the Edict of Nantes and forced everyone in France to become Catholic The divisions and unrest caused by the rule of Louis XIV laid the groundwork for the French Revolution The divisions and unrest caused by the rule of Louis XIV laid the groundwork for the French Revolution

The German States Thirty Years’ War: In 1618, a religious war between Catholics and Protestants broke out in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1618, a religious war between Catholics and Protestants broke out in the Holy Roman Empire. Peace of Westphalia: Ended the war Ended the war Weakened Germany—divided it into 300 separate states. Weakened Germany—divided it into 300 separate states. Strengthened France. Strengthened France. Recognized Calvinism as one of the official religions. Recognized Calvinism as one of the official religions. Frederick I: Powerful leader who centralized the Prussian government under his control. Created a strong army. Supported trade and production.