December 5, 2015S. Mathews1 Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 3 Key Issue 1 Why do people migrate?

December 5, 2015S. Mathews2 Migration A permanent move to a new location.  Emigration is migration from a location.  Immigration is migration to a location.  Net Migration is difference between Emigration and Immigration.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews3 Circulation Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews4 Reasons for Migrating

December 5, 2015S. Mathews5 Push-Pull Factors  A Push Factor induces people to move out of their present location.  A Pull Factor induces people to move into a new location.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews6 Types of Push/Pull Factors  Economic  Cultural  Environmental

December 5, 2015S. Mathews7 Economic Push-Pull Factors  Job availability  The United States and Canada are especially prominent destinations  The relative attractiveness of a region can change

December 5, 2015S. Mathews8 Cultural Push-Pull Factors  Forced international migration (slavery or political instability)  Internal migration (civil war)  Political conditions (lure of freedom)

December 5, 2015S. Mathews9 Refugees People who have been forced to migrate from their home and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews10 Forced Migration

December 5, 2015S. Mathews11 Environmental Push-Pull Factors  Pulled toward physically attractive places  Pushed from hazardous places (pollution, disasters, physical deficiencies)

December 5, 2015S. Mathews12 Floodplain The area of a river that is subject to flooding during a specific number of years, based on historical trends.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews13 Intervening Obstacles An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews14 Intervening Obstacles  Hostile features in the physical environment (mountains, oceans)  Human interference  Local diversity in government and politics (passports, visas)

December 5, 2015S. Mathews15 Distance of Migration  Internal Migration  International Migration

December 5, 2015S. Mathews16 Internal Migration Permanent movement within the same country.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews17 Internal Migration  Internal migration is less traumatic  Interregional Migration is movement from one region of a country to another.  Intraregional Migration is movement within a region (rural to urban).

December 5, 2015S. Mathews18 International Migration Permanent movement from one country to another. Voluntary and forced.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews19 International Migration  Voluntary Migration implies that the migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement  Forced Migration the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors.  Migration Transition consists of changes in a society comparable to those in demographic transition.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews20 Migration Transition  International migration is primarily a phenomenon of countries in stage 2 of demographic transition.  Internal migration is more important in stages 3 and 4.  Stage 1 societies are unlikely to migrate.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews21 Stages 3 and 4  Destinations of international migrants leaving stage 2 countries searching for economic opportunities.  Intraregional migration (moving from cities to surrounding suburbs) is an example.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews22 Characteristics of Migrants Gender and Family Status of Migrants

December 5, 2015S. Mathews23 Gender of Migrants  Historically, males were more likely than females to migrate long distances.  Beginning in the 1990s, women accounted for about ½ of undocumented immigrants to the U.S. from Mexico. - Women joining husbands and brothers already in U.S. - Women feel more pressure to get a job due to the poor economics in Mexico.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews24 Family Status of Migrants  Historically, long-distance migrants were young adults  Today, young children are accompanying their mothers.  Undocumented Mexicans immigrating to the U.S. have no more than 4 years of school.

December 5, 2015S. Mathews25 Undocumented Migrants  No difficulty finding jobs (require less pay or benefits)  Flow of immigrants varies due to seasonal farm work.  Money earned is the main source of income for many villages.