PAST PARTICIPLE Done: I have done my homework. Been: I have been to the White House. Eaten: I have eaten my salad. Gone: I have gone to the fair. Seen: I have seen that movie several times. Studied: I have studied for my oral exams tomorrow. Worked: I have worked hard the past 10 years. Drunk: I have drunk too many martinis. Taken: I have taken my medicine for today. Spoken: I have spoken hurtful words.

PAST PARTICIPLE Finished: I have finished working on my thesis. Lived: I have lived here for 20 years. Known: I have known him for quite some time. Met: I have met his mother. Kept: I have kept your secret for so long. Learned: I have learned about his plans last night. Said: I have said too much about myself. Told: I have told my mother about my wedding plans. Had: I have had too much wine. Left: I have left a note for him.

PRESENT PERFECT FORMATION I have...(past participle) I have lived there for 10 years. You have... (past participle) You have lived here since you were 7. He has... (past participle) He has always lived here. It has... (past participle) It has been here for as long as I can remember.

1. Use it with FOR and SINCE I have (past participle) for... I have lived here for 10 years. I have (past participle) since... I have lived here since I was 12. He has (past participle) for... He has stayed here for 5 years. He has (past participle) since... He has stayed here since he was 30.

2. Always/never + simple past I have always lived here. I have never eaten this. I have always liked him. I have never met him.

3. Already/just I have already done the dishes. I have just seen him. She has already gone to the ball. They have just met.

4. Recently/lately I’ve worked hard recently. I’ve studied hard lately. She’s practiced frequently lately. They’ve rehearsed continuously lately.

5. Negative sentences use YET I haven’t studied yet. I haven’t eaten yet. He hasn’t woken up yet. She hasn’t sung yet. They haven’t left yet. We haven’t practiced yet.

6. Questions with EVER Have you ever been to Europe? Have you ever tried eating sushi? Has she ever seen a shark? Has he ever gone skiing? Have they ever tasted sake? Have we ever visited that church?

7. Perfect Modals The athlete could have run that fast. I shouldn’t have lent him money. He would have tripped if they didn’t fix it. She may have used my computer. I might have put some chili in it. He must have eaten a lot.

8. An indefinite time I have sold a bike. I have bought an iPad. But: I sold a bike last week.

9. Action will or may continue I have seen my doctor this morning. I saw my doctor this morning. He has been there yesterday. He was there yesterday.

10. PAST PERFECT FORMATION I had (past participle) I had learned about his past. You had (past participle) You had seen the film many times. He had (past participle) He had noticed something was wrong. It had (past participle) It had been abandoned for a long time.

11. FUTURE PERFECT FORMATION I will have (past participle) I will have noticed her flawed behavior by now. You will have (past participle) You will have learned your lesson. He will have (past participle) He will have decided to join the army by this time. It will have (past participle) It will have wilted without being watered for days.

12. The passive voice VERB TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE Are (past participle) Foreign students are given consideration during exams. Is (past participle) She is taken to the courtroom now. Were (past participle) They were chosen to be the representatives. Was (past participle) I was drawn to the exquisite painting. Will be (past participle) He will be caught sooner or later.